{"description": "russia-colonialism techniques used by Muhajirism: the expulsion of Chechens to the Ottoman Empire, the ban on return, and population replacement (1858-1872), ATT&CK campaign C1022 (v1.2)", "name": "Muhajirism: the expulsion of Chechens to the Ottoman Empire, the ban on return, and population replacement (1858-1872) (C1022)", "domain": "russia-colonialism", "versions": {"layer": "4.5", "attack": "", "navigator": "5.2.0"}, "techniques": [{"techniqueID": "T0015", "comment": "General Kundukhov, until then himself head of the Chechen okrug, received from the Viceroy \"a most delicate assignment \u2013 to conduct unofficial negotiations with the Turkish government on carrying out a mass resettlement of the Chechens\" and a written instruction \"to proceed to arouse among the Chechen population a striving to leave for Turkey\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). For the agitation he received 5 thousand rubles from the treasury(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005); the historian Z. Kh. Ibragimova writes of 10 thousand \"for the 'discreet remuneration' of three or four persons most popular among the population, that is, for bribing influential figures\"(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a 2007); Kundukhov personally was paid 45 thousand rubles \"ostensibly for property left behind in Russia,\" with the treasury's total expenses exceeding 130 thousand(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). Kundukhov himself described in his memoirs the recruitment of the Chechen leadership in February 1865: having invited the naib (an administrator of a district installed by the authorities) of Lesser Chechnya Sadulla Osmanov (in other sources - Saadula Osmayev) and the elder of the Karabulak society Tsugov, he achieved that \"They all agreed to resettle without the slightest objection... and swore to prepare for resettlement\"(Citation: \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u044b \u0432 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435 1998). Osmanov was no outside appointee: in the consolidated list of the Imamate's naibs he stands as \"Saadulla Osmanov of Nikhaloy (naib of Lesser Chechnya)\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005) - a man who had fought alongside Shamil, and who for an imperial salary and land drove his own people to Turkey. The price of the purchase is visible on him too: he governed his naibstvo for eight years, received 550 desiatinas of land for his service, swore on the Quran to assist the resettlement \"to the end\" and undertook to lead the second wave of those departing - going ahead of the first was a condition of payment of the reward(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a 2007). He worked in such a way that even the head of the Terek oblast, General Loris-Melikov, admitted the naib was \"overdoing it,\" spreading distorted rumours, and wanted to rid himself as soon as possible of the too-hotheaded agitator(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a 2007).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0141", "comment": "Historians Ya. Z. Akhmadov and E. Kh. Khasmagomadov write: \"The principal means of driving out the highlanders became depriving them of their main source of existence \u2013 the land. The transfer of vast lands on the plains to Cossack stanitsas left thousands of highlanders without means of subsistence\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). Imperial statistics recorded the result: \"each family in the auls has 0.5 \u2013 10 desiatinas... With such crowding not only the development of farms, but even the existence of the people cannot be considered secured\" (a desiatina is slightly more than a hectare)(Citation: \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e-\u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0432 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u044e 2010). Meanwhile the operation's own executors were reporting the opposite. The head of the Argun okrug, Major A. Ippolitov, wrote to the head of the Terek oblast, General Loris-Melikov: \"I can positively tell Your Excellency that the people are not even thinking of voluntary resettlement to Turkey; at a general assembly they declared to me that they would go only when the whole of Chechnya leaves to the last man, or when they are ordered to go\"(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a 2007). Colonel Bellik on 25 March 1865 reported to the same Loris-Melikov the words of a Chechen: \"we will not go to Turkey and will not let those go who are preparing to; in Turkey death awaits us, and it awaits us here too, but here it is more pleasant, because here is our homeland and here lie our fathers, slain by the Russians\"(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a 2007).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0006", "comment": "The Viceroy of the Caucasus and commander-in-chief of the Caucasus Army Baryatinsky - on the Chechens who wished to leave: \"...it is perhaps no bad thing that all this rabble, which is only a burden to us, will leave. Do not stop them, let them go to Mecca or wherever they wish. And I will take care to present this matter to the Sovereign in the proper light...\" - to the emperor the matter was presented as \"a voluntary movement of the Chechens themselves\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). The head of the Kuban oblast, General Yevdokimov, who carried out the expulsion of the highlanders of the Western Caucasus, formulated the principle: \"Philanthropy first of all to our own; as for the highlanders, I consider myself entitled to grant them only what remains for their share after the last of Russian interests has been satisfied\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). The optic in which such decisions were taken was also articulated by imperial scholarship: Berzhe, who headed the Caucasus Archaeographic Commission for 22 years and compiled the first ten volumes of the \"Acts\"(Citation: \u0410\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u044e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u044e. \u0422\u043e\u043c XI (1854-1856) 1888), grounded distrust of the highlanders in their nature: \"The eight-hundred-thousand-strong highland population of the Terek and Dagestan oblasts forms here an almost solid mass... Permeated by Muslim fanaticism, inflamed by the long war, it continues to hate us as still-recent sworn enemies, as infidels, and will preserve this feeling as long as we remain giaours in its eyes\"(Citation: \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e-\u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0432 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u044e 2010). This is not an order but the voice of the epoch - the language in which the expulsion looked natural.", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0117", "comment": "test", "showSubtechniques": true}, {"techniqueID": "T0127", "comment": "In the summer of 1865 a fifth of the Chechen people left Chechnya - and almost half of those who left perished. The first families set out from Vladikavkaz on 28 May 1865; the last crossed the border on 10 September(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a 2007); the historian D. A. Khozhayev draws up the tally: \"23,057 people (5 thousand families) of Chechens, Karabulaks and Ingush leave their native land for Turkey\"(Citation: \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u044b \u0432 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435 1998); historians Ya. Z. Akhmadov and E. Kh. Khasmagomadov reckon \"up to 23 thousand Chechens,\" of whom more than 4.5 thousand families were inhabitants of Lesser Chechnya and the Ichkerinsky okrug, and in all in the 1860s \"up to 20% of the total number of Chechens\" were expelled(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). The dying began at once: the historian Z. Kh. Ibragimova writes - \"In the course of the resettlement about 40,000 highlanders of the Terek oblast perished, which was slightly less than half of all those who had left\"; according to the dispatches of the Russian consul, in Trebizond in 1864 some 180-250 people were dying each day, in Samsun - 200(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a 2007). The lands allotted for settlement \"were unfit for agriculture \u2013 stony and barren\"(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a 2007); the colony of Ras al-Ayn, where mainly Chechens had been settled, shrank by 1878 from 4-5 thousand families to 500(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a 2007). The muhajirs themselves - as those who left were called, from the Arabic \"muhajir,\" a migrant - wrote to the head of the Terek oblast: \"We have learned that Mussa deceived us... A third of us have already perished as it is\" (Mussa is General Kundukhov; they called him by his first name)(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a 2007).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0137", "comment": "The head of the Terek oblast, General Loris-Melikov, stressed in a special dispatch to the Main Staff of the Caucasus Army: \"For the success of the affair it is necessary that the highlanders not only not know of our desire to assist the resettlement, but the local authorities must, on the contrary, as it were dissuade them from this intention\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005); its execution was entrusted to the head of the Middle Military Division, Tumanov, and he reported on it to Loris-Melikov himself: \"The first and indispensable condition for arousing in the Chechens the desire to resettle to Turkey I consider to be not revealing that this desire comes from the government... consequently, all this must remain in the deepest secrecy; on our skill it will depend to complete the great [work] without bloodshed or particular disorders\u2026\"(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a 2007). In Chechnya \"forged proclamations were circulated, purporting to come from the Turkish government, in which the migrants were promised a cordial welcome and good material provision\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005) - Loris-Melikov himself asked in writing to be sent samples of Turkish proclamations \"for circulation among the population\"(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a 2007). Agents frightened the people with the future: they \"spread provocative rumours that not a single Chechen would receive a scrap of land, that all the young men would be given up as soldiers, that the Muslim religion would sooner be banned and everyone would become Christians\"(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a 2007).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0142", "comment": "The empire's answer to the pleas of those who returned was fixed in a formula \"at the very highest level\": \"Of any return migration of the highlanders there can be no talk\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). Under the rules approved in June 1861 by the chief of the Main Staff of the Caucasus Army, General Kartsov, highlanders who had entered Turkish subjecthood or overstayed their passports were \"resolutely forbidden\" to return(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a 2007). By November 1865, 2,600 people had gathered at the border, ready to accept Orthodoxy for the sake of returning - \"However, the Russian leadership even on such terms was in no hurry to let them through the border... they no longer had anywhere to return to; their ancestral lands had been either confiscated or sold\"(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a 2007). Those who tried to return secretly were caught for years: in 1867, 162 people were detained; in 1868 - 663; in 1869 - 369; in 1870 - 1,263; \"Over ten years, from 1862 to 1872, 5,964 highlanders (mostly Chechens) managed to return to the Terek oblast, of whom 2,315 the authorities forcibly expelled to Turkey once again\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). Even those permitted were not allowed home: the returning Karabulaks (a Vainakh society kindred to the Chechens) \"were not admitted to their native lands, but settled as a single aul, Sagopshi, on the lands of the Chechen village of Psedakh\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}], "gradient": {"colors": ["#ffffff", "#66b1ff"], "minValue": 0, "maxValue": 1}, "legendItems": [{"label": "used by Muhajirism: the expulsion of Chechens to the Ottoman Empire, the ban on return, and population replacement (1858-1872)", "color": "#66b1ff"}]}