{"description": "russia-colonialism techniques used by The amanat-and-tribute system of colonel Pullo in the seized auls of Chechnya (1836-1840), ATT&CK campaign C1163 (v1.0)", "name": "The amanat-and-tribute system of colonel Pullo in the seized auls of Chechnya (1836-1840) (C1163)", "domain": "russia-colonialism", "versions": {"layer": "4.5", "attack": "", "navigator": "5.2.0"}, "techniques": [{"techniqueID": "T0146", "comment": "The overseers appointed by the empire over the auls (the pristavs), within the amanat-and-tribute system of Pullo, commander of the left flank of the Caucasus Line (a chain of imperial fortifications on the land of the Nokhchi), systematically robbed the inhabitants of the seized auls of Chechnya under the guise of collections. The imperial historian Yurov described the mechanism - the pristavs lived off exactions, since \"not all pristavs received a salary\": from the Chechens, \"under the pretext of collecting tributes and fines, the best weapons were taken away, and other entirely harmless but valuable articles of everyday use; it happened that people innocent of anything were arrested at the prompting of simple and often ill-intentioned interpreters... and during expeditions forced collections were permitted\"(Citation: 1840, 1841 \u0438 1842-\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435 1886). The empire knew and would not listen: the historians Ya. Z. Akhmadov and E. Kh. Khasmagomadov write from archival documents that two Chechen elders brought to the Kabardian prince Bekovich-Cherkassky, who served the empire and was influential on the Terek river, \"a petition drawn up on behalf of many Chechens, in which they complain of the oppressions and injustices of major-general Pullo\" - the prince refused to accept the petition(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005); according to Yurov, the Chechens \"had prepared a petition against him, but did not dare to set it in motion for fear that this general would remain their superior as before\"(Citation: 1840, 1841 \u0438 1842-\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435 1886). The empire's survey \"The Region in Political and Military Respects\", sent by the empire's Minister of War Chernyshev to general Neidhardt, who soon headed the empire's troops in the Caucasus, on 2 April 1842, summed it up: \"taking advantage of the abuses, the exactions and the indignation arising from the confiscation of weapons, Shamil little by little stirred all Chechnya to revolt\" (Shamil - imam, leader of the resistance of the highlanders of Dagestan and Chechnya to the Russian conquest)(Citation: \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0428\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043b\u044f 2009).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0139", "comment": "The amanat-and-tribute system of Pullo, commander of the left flank of the Caucasus Line (a chain of imperial fortifications on the land of the Nokhchi), was anchored by new fortifications on Chechen land. The Chechen writer Abuzar Aydamirov records the founding of the Umakhan-Yurt fortification on the Sunzha river in 1837(Citation: \u0425\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e-\u0418\u043d\u0433\u0443\u0448\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0438 1991). The plan of general Golovin, commander of the Separate Caucasus Corps (the head of the empire's troops in the Caucasus), for 1840 prescribed \"to erect a fortification at Cherkey and near old Aksai (at Gerzel-aul)\" - Gerzel-aul stands on the border of Chechnya and the Kumyk plain; the construction went on all winter: the imperial historian Yurov writes that in March 1840 Pullo was personally \"at Gerzel-aul to bring it into a better defensive condition\", and the fortification \"was finished after a fashion\"(Citation: 1840, 1841 \u0438 1842-\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435 1886).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0140", "comment": "Within the amanat-and-tribute system of Pullo, commander of the left flank of the Caucasus Line (a chain of imperial fortifications on the land of the Nokhchi), the troops destroyed the Chechen forests - the environment of life and the protection of the Chechen communities. Pullo reported in a memorandum of 1840: \"we cleared all the forests to the distance of a gunshot on both sides of the road, in the direction from the Groznaya fortress through Martan, Achkhoy and Kurchali to the Military-Georgian road, and in the other direction through Germenchuk, Geldygen and along the Michik into highland Chechnya, altogether over a stretch of 165 versts\" (the listed names are Chechen villages and rivers from the Groznaya fortress to mountain Chechnya; a verst is slightly over a kilometer)(Citation: \u0414\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e-\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0432 20-50 \u0433\u0433. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430: \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 1959). The Chechen writer Abuzar Aydamirov records the continuation of the clearing (a strip cut through the forest for the passage of troops) from the Groznaya fortress toward the village of Shali in 1837(Citation: \u0425\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e-\u0418\u043d\u0433\u0443\u0448\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0438 1991).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0108", "comment": "Part of the amanat-and-tribute system of Pullo, commander of the left flank of the Caucasus Line (a chain of imperial fortifications on the land of the Nokhchi), was a regime of economic blockade of the auls of Chechnya that had not submitted. Pullo in a memorandum of 1840: the overseers appointed by the empire over the auls (the pristavs) and the troops \"cut off the relations of the submitted with the unsubdued and forbade the former to sell bread to the nemirnye and to pasture their cattle on their fields\" (\"nemirnye\" - in the imperial lexicon, auls that had not submitted to the empire)(Citation: \u0414\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e-\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0432 20-50 \u0433\u0433. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430: \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 1959). The permitted trade was driven under control: \"In Kizlyar and at some other points trading fairs opened\" - exchange took place only at points controlled by the empire(Citation: \u0414\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e-\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0432 20-50 \u0433\u0433. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430: \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 1959). The workings of the blockade were admitted by its own authors: general Grabbe, commander of the troops of the Caucasus Line and Pullo's superior, in a report to the empire's Minister of War Chernyshev of 23 March 1840, wrote that the mountain auls \"could no longer have tillage and pasture on the plain\", which \"further aggravated the distressed condition of the inhabitants of highland Chechnya\"; some of the inhabitants thought of submitting \"to avert famine\", others resolved \"to rid themselves of the Russian yoke\"(Citation: \u0410\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u044e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u044e. \u0422\u043e\u043c IX (1837-1844) 1884). In a plan for the conquest of the highlanders of the left flank drawn up in 1840 (the \"Proposition... for the subjugation of the tribes\"), Grabbe formulated how the blockade worked: the pristavs' surveillance \"threatened the unsubdued with famine. Shamil took advantage of this disposition of minds\" (Shamil - imam, leader of the resistance of the highlanders of Dagestan and Chechnya to the Russian conquest)(Citation: \u0410\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u044e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u044e. \u0422\u043e\u043c IX (1837-1844) 1884).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0155", "comment": "The amanat-and-tribute system of Pullo, commander of the left flank of the Caucasus Line (a chain of imperial fortifications on the land of the Nokhchi), included the systematic confiscation of weapons from the inhabitants of the seized auls of Chechnya. Pullo in a memorandum of 1840 called it a program of his own: \"the power of the pristavs was consolidated, and at the same time a beginning was laid to the system of disarming the highlanders, by exacting from all auls one gun from every 10 saklias. In all, upward of 1900 guns were collected - a circumstance important both for the quantity of weapons collected and especially because for the first time the thought was instilled in the highlanders that the government has the right to deprive of weapons those who have used them for evil\" (saklia - a highlander's house; pristav - a superintendent over the auls appointed by the empire; the figure of 1900 is Pullo's self-report; the historians Ya. Z. Akhmadov and E. Kh. Khasmagomadov count about one and a half thousand from the archives)(Citation: \u0414\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e-\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0432 20-50 \u0433\u0433. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430: \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 1959). The historian D. A. Khozhaev writes: \"The expeditions of general Pullo in December 1839 and January 1840 to uphold Russian administration, and the disarmament of the Chechen lowland auls that had begun, when Pullo demanded the surrender of one gun from every ten houses, aroused indignation in broad layers of the Chechen people\"(Citation: \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u044b \u0432 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435 1998). The historians Ya. Z. Akhmadov and E. Kh. Khasmagomadov name disarmament the trigger of the uprising: \"The fear that after the disarmament the authorities would introduce in Chechnya the all-Russian serfdom order, shameful for people of noble standing, which practically all Chechens considered themselves to be, made the highlanders take up arms\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0147", "comment": "The amanat-and-tribute system of Pullo, commander of the left flank of the Caucasus Line (a chain of imperial fortifications on the land of the Nokhchi), formalized the subordination of Chechen communities as \"submission\" with obligations to the empire. The 1840 register of the highland peoples, published in the documentary collection \u00ab\u0414\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e-\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0432 20-50 \u0433\u0433. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u00bb, records the outcome for the Ako community (the Akintsy - a Chechen community in the upper reaches of the Gekhi river): \"Declared submission in 1839, handed over amanats and pledged to pay a tribute of one silver ruble per house\" (amanats - hostages whom the empire took away from the auls to control them)(Citation: \u0414\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e-\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0432 20-50 \u0433\u0433. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430: \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 1959). The formalization proceeded under the system of fear that Pullo described in a memorandum of 1840: \"by threatening all the unsubmissive communities with the annihilation of their property, I instilled in them such fear... that one after another they began to submit\"(Citation: \u0414\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e-\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0432 20-50 \u0433\u0433. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430: \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 1959).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0099", "comment": "In 1836-1840 Pullo, commander of the Sunzha Line and then of the left flank of the Caucasus Line (a chain of imperial fortifications on the land of the Nokhchi), made hostage-taking the load-bearing institution of the amanat-and-tribute system in the auls of Chechnya seized by the empire. An amanat is a person whom the empire took away from a family or community as a hostage; the threat of reprisal against the taken one held the relatives and the whole aul in subjection. In a memorandum of 1840 Pullo described the method: \"I took amanats not indiscriminately, as was done before, but from the most respected or least reliable families, and by this means many auls plotting revolt were repeatedly kept in obedience\" - and the scale of the institution: \"up to 20 thousand rubles... were spent yearly on the upkeep of amanats\"(Citation: \u0414\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e-\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0432 20-50 \u0433\u0433. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430: \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 1959). The taking of hostages went in waves as the troops advanced: the imperial historian Yurov recorded of December 1839 that under the pressure of the detachment even the villages that barred the entrance to the Argun gorge \"humbled themselves, handed over amanats\" - the troops took people as a \"token of submission\"(Citation: 1840, 1841 \u0438 1842-\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435 1886). Yurov described the conditions in which the hostages were kept: \"prisoners and even amanats were treated inhumanly, kept in a damp pit, where they often fell ill\"(Citation: 1840, 1841 \u0438 1842-\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435 1886). In the same memorandum Pullo demanded that hostageship be made perpetual: for the offenses of those under warranty, amanats \"must without fail, according to their age, be transferred into cantonists or convict companies, replacing the departed with other amanats\" - child hostages to be handed into the cantonists (a military estate into which the empire forcibly enrolled minors), adults into convict companies (forced labor under military escort); in the memorandum of 1840 this is recorded as a plan(Citation: \u0414\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e-\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0432 20-50 \u0433\u0433. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430: \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 1959).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0036", "comment": "The empire placed appointed overseers - pristavs - over the seized auls of Chechnya. The empire's Minister of War Chernyshev, by an official communication of 15 January 1839, conveyed to general Golovin, commander of the Separate Caucasus Corps - the head of the empire's troops and administration in the Caucasus, the will of emperor Nicholas I: in the communities that submitted voluntarily, \"the authority over them is to be entrusted to natives devoted to us, members of those same communities\", while communities \"that will be subjugated by force of arms\" were \"to be entrusted temporarily to the authority of Russian military officials\"(Citation: \u0410\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u044e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u044e. \u0422\u043e\u043c IX (1837-1844) 1884). The pristavs in Chechnya were installed by Pullo, commander of the left flank of the Caucasus Line (a chain of imperial fortifications on the land of the Nokhchi): the imperial historian Yurov writes that Pullo \"was ordered - for the installation of our pristavs, to uphold their prestige at the outset... to carry out in the winter of 1839-1840 a movement into Chechnya, to the Michik and to the Qachqalyq people\", and the pristavs themselves \"were chosen predominantly, if not exclusively, from among the militiamen\" - from the highland militia, armed units of highlanders in the empire's service(Citation: 1840, 1841 \u0438 1842-\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435 1886). The historian D. A. Khozhaev writes: \"Appointed on 30 November commander of the Separate Caucasus Corps... Golovin, on the tsar's instruction, begins to introduce Russian administration on the occupied territory\"(Citation: \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u044b \u0432 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435 1998). The regime of surveillance was described by general Grabbe, commander of the troops of the Caucasus Line and Pullo's superior, in a report to Minister of War Chernyshev of 23 March 1840: \"When our pristavs entered upon the administration of the tribes entrusted to them, their strict surveillance cut off the constant relations of the peaceful auls with the unsubdued\"(Citation: \u0410\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u044e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u044e. \u0422\u043e\u043c IX (1837-1844) 1884). The implanting of puppet religious authorities proceeded under the same directive (campaign C1159).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0057", "comment": "The amanat-and-tribute system of Pullo, commander of the left flank of the Caucasus Line (a chain of imperial fortifications on the land of the Nokhchi), included forced labor: the troops forced the inhabitants of the seized auls of Chechnya to fell their own forest by allotment. The imperial historian Yurov recorded of the December 1839 expedition that under the pressure of the detachment the inhabitants of the auls \"felled forest by allotment at Gekhi, at the Valerik tract and between the villages of Shali and Malaya Ataga\" (Gekhi, Valerik, Shali, Malaya Ataga - Chechen villages and tracts; \"by allotment\" - by a forced apportionment imposed by the troops alongside the tribute and the surrender of weapons)(Citation: 1840, 1841 \u0438 1842-\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435 1886). The forest the inhabitants were made to fell was the environment of life and the shelter of the Chechen communities.", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0154", "comment": "The amanat-and-tribute system of Pullo, commander of the left flank of the Caucasus Line (a chain of imperial fortifications on the land of the Nokhchi), created within Chechen society a privileged layer with power over its compatriots. The offices of the overseers appointed by the empire over the auls (the pristavs) were handed by the empire to Chechens themselves: the imperial historian Yurov writes that the pristavs \"were chosen predominantly, if not exclusively, from among the militiamen\" - from the highland militia, armed units of highlanders in the empire's service(Citation: 1840, 1841 \u0438 1842-\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435 1886). The historian N. I. Pokrovsky showed the mechanics of the split: the office of pristav was unpaid, so only \"certain representatives of strong families\" could take it, and they \"took advantage of the opportunity to use their power for further accumulation\"; \"by creating in Chechnya a local administration, Chechen by nationality, tsarism hoped to create at the same time the Chechen 'aristocracy' it so needed\"(Citation: \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0428\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043b\u044f 2009). The empire gave part of the society power and privileges over the rest and bound this layer to itself, not to the people: the handing of offices to the \"strong families\" is documented; the calculation of growing a loyal \"aristocracy\" was formulated by the historian N. I. Pokrovsky.", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0077", "comment": "The amanat-and-tribute system of Pullo, commander of the left flank of the Caucasus Line (a chain of imperial fortifications on the land of the Nokhchi), rested on punitive sorties of the troops against the seized auls of Chechnya. Pullo described the practice in a memorandum of 1840: \"I would appear unexpectedly before the astonished population of the most remote auls and, according to the degree of the village's guilt, either annihilated it or contented myself with imposing a fine, taking amanats and arresting the most guilty persons\" (a fine here is a monetary penalty; amanats - hostages whom the empire took away from the auls; the \"annihilation\" of a village in the imperial lexicon means the destruction of its buildings and property, not of its inhabitants); auls suspected of ties with the resistance \"were immediately punished with fines, with the arrest of ill-intentioned people, and in extreme cases even with the annihilation of auls\"(Citation: \u0414\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e-\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0432 20-50 \u0433\u0433. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430: \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 1959). Punishment is the administrative routine of the system: the destruction of a village stands in one row with fines and arrests as a grade of punishment.", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0056", "comment": "The amanat-and-tribute system of Pullo, commander of the left flank of the Caucasus Line (a chain of imperial fortifications on the land of the Nokhchi), imposed a tribute on the seized auls of Chechnya. Pullo in a memorandum of 1840: \"As the highland communities were subjugated, each handed over amanats, paid a tribute of one silver ruble per saklia, handed over all Russian captives held by it\" (saklia - a highlander's house: the tribute was levied on every house; amanats - hostages whom the empire took away from the auls to control them)(Citation: \u0414\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e-\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0432 20-50 \u0433\u0433. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430: \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 1959). The 1840 register of the highland peoples, published in the documentary collection \u00ab\u0414\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e-\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0432 20-50 \u0433\u0433. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u00bb together with Pullo's memorandum, calls the tribute a punishment outright: the Qachqalyq people, the Michik Chechens and the Aukhovites (Chechen communities of eastern Chechnya) \"pay a tribute imposed on them as punishment for repeated revolts\", and the Chechens living beyond the Sunzha river, \"as punishment for revolt, have been burdened with a tribute\"(Citation: \u0414\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e-\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0432 20-50 \u0433\u0433. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430: \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 1959). The money was squeezed out regularly: general Grabbe, commander of the troops of the Caucasus Line and Pullo's superior, in a report to the empire's Minister of War Chernyshev of 23 March 1840, named the regular payment of tributes a sign of the \"tranquility\" that had set in - the report lists the \"regular payment of tributes and duties\" weeks before the uprising(Citation: \u0410\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u044e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u044e. \u0422\u043e\u043c IX (1837-1844) 1884). Muhammad Tahir al-Qarakhi, the chronicler of Shamil (Shamil - imam, leader of the resistance of the highlanders of Dagestan and Chechnya to the Russian conquest), named this exaction - one ruble from every house and one gun from every ten houses - as the reason the Chechens called upon Shamil.", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0022", "comment": "The method of the amanat-and-tribute system of Pullo, commander of the left flank of the Caucasus Line (a chain of imperial fortifications on the land of the Nokhchi), was deliberately induced fear. Pullo described it plainly in a memorandum of 1840: \"by threatening all the unsubmissive communities with the annihilation of their property, I instilled in them such fear, brought them to such a state, that one after another they began to submit. From 1834 to 1840 the auls of the Michik people, the Aukhovites and the Salatavians that had broken away, of Greater and Lesser Chechnya, and the never-subjugated villages of the Ichkerians and the Gumbetovians recognized the authority of the Russian government\" (the listed names are highland communities of Chechnya and neighboring Dagestan)(Citation: \u0414\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e-\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0432 20-50 \u0433\u0433. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430: \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 1959). Fear was not a side effect but a declared instrument: Pullo credits the submission of the communities as the direct result of threats of annihilation.", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}], "gradient": {"colors": ["#ffffff", "#66b1ff"], "minValue": 0, "maxValue": 1}, "legendItems": [{"label": "used by The amanat-and-tribute system of colonel Pullo in the seized auls of Chechnya (1836-1840)", "color": "#66b1ff"}]}