{"description": "russia-colonialism techniques used by Colonial oil: the seizure of the Grozny subsoil and the rent of the Cossack host (1845-1917), ATT&CK campaign C1173 (v1.0)", "name": "Colonial oil: the seizure of the Grozny subsoil and the rent of the Cossack host (1845-1917) (C1173)", "domain": "russia-colonialism", "versions": {"layer": "4.5", "attack": "", "navigator": "5.2.0"}, "techniques": [{"techniqueID": "T0052", "comment": "The Russian Empire took the oil wells near the Groznaya fortress away from the Chechens and on 16 February 1845 sealed the seizure by law: paragraph 154 of the \"Regulations on the Caucasus Line Host\", confirmed by Emperor Nicholas I, read: \"as a mark of special favor\u2026the host is granted the income most graciously bestowed upon it from the oil springs near the Groznaya fortress\"(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a 2007). Before the seizure the oil fed the Chechens themselves - historian Z. Kh. Ibragimova writes from the documents: in 1788 the Chechen ruler Kazbulat \"traded and had a certain income from the oil wells located in his domains\"; the Mozdok Cossacks recalled in a petition of 1811 how oil \"was brought for sale... and sold at a free price\"; \"Later, the oil was taken away from the Chechens and became the property of the Caucasus Line regiment, which farmed it out\"(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a 2007). Over the 57 years of the tax-farming system, from 1833 to 1890, the host received 152,500 rubles in silver of net income(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a 2007)(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0032", "comment": "By orders for the Terek oblast of 15 August 1890 and March 1897 the Russian Empire forbade the Chechen village communities \"to enter into any agreements with mining industrialists\" without the government's permission - \"The guilty, in the person of village officials, were brought to account, and suits were brought in the courts to annul the concluded contracts\"(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a 2007). The ground of the ban is formulated by historian Z. Kh. Ibragimova: \"The aul communities were deprived of the right to lease out oil-bearing plots - the land was granted to them not by right of property but only into use with the right of surface working; its subsoil was considered the property of the treasury\"(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a 2007). When the Ministry of Agriculture confirmed rules that allowed peasant communities to lease out their own land for the working of the subsoil, the head of the Terek oblast, General Kakhanov, in 1894 \"categorically objected to the extension to the Chechen lands\" of these rules - and demanded that, even if the communities' rights were recognized, the resolution on leasing the land be confirmed by the uchastok chief and a third of the income go \"to pay the podymnaya tax of the communities concerned\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). For the Cossacks the opposite rule was in force: from 1891, when subsoil passed to the treasury, stanitsas were entitled to replacement land or compensation - \"For the Chechen communities no reserve land allotments were provided by the state. Still less was there any question of material reward\"(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a 2007).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0102", "comment": "The Terek Cossack Host of the Russian Empire leased out the seized Chechen lands to oil companies and lived on rent from another people's subsoil: in 1899 about 21.9 million of the 26.22 million puds of total output were extracted on the host's lands, and in that year alone the companies paid the host 631.8 thousand rubles(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). Historians Ya. Z. Akhmadov and E. Kh. Khasmagomadov write: the largest owner of the oil-bearing plots turned out to be the host itself; it did no extraction of its own, and the usual terms of a lease were 150 rubles a year per desiatina (a desiatina is a little over a hectare) plus \"from 2 to 6 kopecks for every pud of oil extracted\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). Historian Z. Kh. Ibragimova records the dynamic: the host's capital grew from 400 thousand rubles in 1877 to 3 million in 1900 - \"This was the result of receiving income from the oil-bearing lands\"(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a 2007). The scale was set by the field itself: on 27 August 1895 well No. 7 of Akhverdov's company gave \"a gusher of incredible force, yielding up to 1 million puds a day... The roar and the smell of oil could be sensed 15 versts from the field\"(Citation: \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0444\u0442\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0422\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 2018).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}], "gradient": {"colors": ["#ffffff", "#66b1ff"], "minValue": 0, "maxValue": 1}, "legendItems": [{"label": "used by Colonial oil: the seizure of the Grozny subsoil and the rent of the Cossack host (1845-1917)", "color": "#66b1ff"}]}