{"description": "russia-colonialism techniques used by Sovietization of Chechnya: revkoms in place of Soviets, punitive operations and Cheka executions (1920-1924), ATT&CK campaign C1176 (v1.2)", "name": "Sovietization of Chechnya: revkoms in place of Soviets, punitive operations and Cheka executions (1920-1924) (C1176)", "domain": "russia-colonialism", "versions": {"layer": "4.5", "attack": "", "navigator": "5.2.0"}, "techniques": [{"techniqueID": "T0028", "comment": "Soviet Russia gave the sharia courts official status and took it away within a month: the constituent congress of Soviets of the Mountain Republic in April 1921 resolved to introduce a sharia court system (sharia - Islamic law) - historians Ya. Z. Akhmadov and E. Kh. Khasmagomadov call this \"a clear (and temporary) concession to the Muslim clergy of Chechnya and Ingushetia\": \"Already in May 1921 the TsIK of the GASSR by its resolution deprived the sharia courts of financing from the state budget and of the support of state bodies\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0155", "comment": "Soviet Russia disarmed Chechen villages by military operations through all five years of the campaign. Historian E. F. Zhupikova writes: the Caucasus Labor Army \"conducted\" disarmament operations \"...in 1920; in March-August 1921 the Chechen auls of Gordali, Tsentoroy, Belgatoy, Dargo, Benoy, Vedeno, Groznensky and Shali, which had taken part in the mutiny of N. Gotsinsky, were disarmed\"(Citation: \u041f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u0432 1920-1925 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 2013). In May 1922 the troops sent into Chechnya were headed by Gikalo - secretary of the Mountain oblast committee (obkom) of the party(Citation: \u0413\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u043e (\u0411\u0421\u042d) 1971), who in the war with Denikin had commanded insurgent detachments in the mountains of Chechnya(Citation: \u041f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u0432 1920-1925 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 2013): \"The villages of Makhkety, Goity and Katyr-Yurt were subjected to disarmament, with combat aviation used against the latter. Besides the seizure of a significant quantity of weapons, up to 30 'bandits' were captured and shot, and their property was confiscated by the authorities\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). The year 1924 \"ended in the Chechen Autonomous Oblast with a large military operation to seize weapons, in the course of which almost 3 thousand rifles and about 400 revolvers and pistols were collected\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0099", "comment": "In 1923-1924 the Chechen revkom made hostage-taking an official practice of the fight against \"banditry\": \"Measures were taken to register all criminals present in Chechnya, and the practice was introduced of taking hostages from among the close relatives of bandits in hiding\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0036", "comment": "Soviet Russia placed an unelected extraordinary body over Chechnya: on 3 April 1920 a congress in Grozny \"proclaimed the transfer of all power to the Chechen Revolutionary Committee of five members\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). When at the elections to the Soviets in July 1920 \"the overwhelming majority of seats in the Soviets went to... representatives of the so-called 'kulak-mullah and nationalist elements'\", the elected Soviets were dissolved - historians Ya. Z. Akhmadov and E. Kh. Khasmagomadov record: \"within a short span the peasant Soviets were dissolved twice (in August 1921 and in July 1922) and the power of the revkom was restored again\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). In the autumn of 1920 \"the Aldy congress was dispersed, and several Grozny party workers... arrested\" on the orders of Ordzhonikidze, head of the Caucasus Bureau of the Communist Party's Central Committee(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). The Mountain ASSR, which had given legal form to the highlanders' autonomy, \"did not last long and in 1924, having fulfilled its tasks as conceived by the party leadership, ceased to exist\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0021", "comment": "Over Sheikh Ali Mitaev, a member of the Chechen revkom, the GPU set \"thorough surveillance\", and in the spring of 1924 it \"took the decision 'on the removal' of A. Mitaev from Chechnya. The official agreements with him were treacherously broken; he was suddenly arrested, taken to Rostov-on-Don and, after a brief investigation, shot\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005); historian E. F. Zhupikova dates the arrest to 19 April 1924 and cites the GPU's formula of accusation - \"for his connection with counter-revolutionary organizations\"(Citation: \u041f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u0432 1920-1925 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 2013). The historians call the character of the reprisal and its perpetrators by their proper names: \"The murder of A. Mitaev by the Chekists,\" write Ya. Z. Akhmadov and E. Kh. Khasmagomadov(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0164", "comment": "In 1920 the Red Army looted the Chechen villages where it was stationed: the units quartered in Chechnya, historians Ya. Z. Akhmadov and E. Kh. Khasmagomadov write, \"received almost no property or food allowance\", which pushed them into \"self-supply\" - \"...the Red Army not only ran riot, but took away grain, cattle and so forth, terrorizing the population with senseless killings\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). In the summer of 1920, in Tsentoroy, the Chechens routed a unit of the Caucasus Labor Army \"engaged in outright plunder\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). The property of the killed was taken too: during the disarmament of May 1922 \"up to 30 'bandits' were captured and shot, and their property was confiscated by the authorities\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0162", "comment": "test", "showSubtechniques": true}, {"techniqueID": "T0160", "comment": "On 9 May 1924 the Soviet Union, by a secret resolution of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee (TsIK), gave the OGPU \"the right of extrajudicial reprisal against bandits and their accomplices, namely: expulsion from the given locality, confinement in a concentration camp for a term of up to 3 years, and the application of the supreme measure of punishment - shooting\", and prescribed that the republics declare localities \"unfavorable in respect of banditry\", where the GPU organs \"are entitled to decide at their own discretion any case of banditry\"(Citation: \u041b\u0443\u0431\u044f\u043d\u043a\u0430. \u041e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0412\u0427\u041a-\u041e\u0413\u041f\u0423-\u041d\u041a\u0412\u0414-\u041d\u041a\u0413\u0411-\u041c\u0413\u0411-\u041c\u0412\u0414-\u041a\u0413\u0411. 1917-1991 2003). The Chechen authorities already in that same May telegraphed the center: \"Sanction the creation of a tribunal or a political troika\"(Citation: \u0425\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 2015). The troikas that went to work, \"composed of an official of the procuracy, the GPU and the first party leader, \u2014 as a rule, passed sentences in absentia \u2014 on the basis of the submitted documents, often without even questioning the accused. Of any participation of a defense in the proceedings there could be no talk\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0022", "comment": "Soviet Russia carried out executions for show: \"During the Chechen congress in Grozny, by verdict of the local Cheka, 7 Chechens were demonstratively shot. The execution made such '...a devastating impression on the masses of Chechens who had not yet had time to disperse after the congress' that the command of the Caucasus Labor Army demanded that henceforth death sentences on Chechens be carried out as far away from Chechnya as possible\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}], "gradient": {"colors": ["#ffffff", "#66b1ff"], "minValue": 0, "maxValue": 1}, "legendItems": [{"label": "used by Sovietization of Chechnya: revkoms in place of Soviets, punitive operations and Cheka executions (1920-1924)", "color": "#66b1ff"}]}