{"description": "russia-colonialism techniques used by First Russian-Chechen War (1994\u20131996), ATT&CK campaign C1193 (v1.1)", "name": "First Russian-Chechen War (1994\u20131996) (C1193)", "domain": "russia-colonialism", "versions": {"layer": "4.5", "attack": "", "navigator": "5.2.0"}, "techniques": [{"techniqueID": "T0053", "comment": "In the autumn of 1994, Russia attacked the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria under the name of a puppet opposition, and on 11 December 1994 the Russian army openly invaded the republic. The occupiers abducted Chechens and concealed information about their fate, whereabouts or condition from their relatives.\n\nRussian servicemen, fighters of OMON (police special forces) and of the Internal Troops of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs (predecessors of today's Rosgvardia) detained Chechens at checkpoints and led them away from their homes, sometimes at night(Citation: \u0423\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0435. \u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 1995)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435: \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f 1996). Russian soldiers checked passports against arrest lists, which they received from the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs, detained Chechens by them even with documents and passes, and then handed them over to the headquarters of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs in Ichkeria. Women and old people also ended up on these lists(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997).\n\nRussian servicemen and police officers did not let detained Chechens inform their families about themselves, and their relatives considered them missing. The occupiers put the abducted in pits at military units and did not register the arrest (see: \"Filtration Camp System\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435: \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f 1996).\n\nThe Russian military transported detained Chechens from commandant's offices to filtration camps, and on the way people often disappeared without a trace. When relatives found out where a person was being held, the Russian guards immediately moved him elsewhere(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997).\n\nTo inquiries about missing people who appeared on the lists of the filtration camps, Russian agencies replied that these people had been released(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). The Chechen society \"Victims of War\" searched for Chechens whom the occupiers had detained in Grozny and at checkpoints from 11 December 1994 to May 1995, and did not find a single one of them on the Russian list of 252 released. At the addresses from the Russian lists, the women of the society found no people with such surnames(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997).\n\nRelatives of the missing filed statements with the society \"Victims of War\". As of 8 August 1995, 1308 peaceful citizens of Ichkeria were listed as missing(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). By mid-October 1996, the society's list held 1432 missing Chechens(Citation: Russia/Chechnya: A Legacy of Abuse 1997). In the spring of 1997, Ichkeria handed Russia a list of 1563 missing(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nThe Russian military tortured and killed some of the abducted, and relatives later found their bodies where Russian units had been stationed (see: \"Killing of Prisoners and Detainees\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 9 January 1995, the occupiers detained Shamsa Magomadov in Grozny, and the guards of the filtration camp in Mozdok, a town in Russian-controlled North Ossetia, recorded that they had released him on 2 February(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). Shamsa Magomadov did not return home, and in the winter of 1995-1996 the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs promised his sister to exchange her brother for a captured Russian soldier (see: \"Hostage-Taking\")(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 21 May 1995, at checkpoint No. 13 near Samashki, a village in the west of Ichkeria, the Russian military detained Ruslan Parshoev from that village, and the Russian major Morozov took him to his unit near Assinovskaya, a stanitsa in the west of Ichkeria. The next day, Lvov, the chief of staff of the Internal Troops of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs in Ichkeria, ordered the detainee sent to Khankala, the main base of the occupation troops on the eastern outskirts of Grozny, where he was taken by fighters of the \"Rus\" special forces unit, and Ruslan Parshoev went missing(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). In the summer of 1995, the occupiers abducted at a checkpoint on the road to Grozny Khamad Kurbanov, the representative of the president of Ichkeria in Russia, who had just been released after a month without charge in a Moscow prison(Citation: Russia: Amnesty calls on Russian authorities to release or charge Chechen detainees 1995). Russian guards held Khamad Kurbanov in a pit near Assinovskaya and in the filtration camp in Grozny until a commission under the international OSCE mission secured his release at the negotiations between Russia and Ichkeria(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). On 23 December 1995, the Russian military, working from lists, took Ruslan Soslambekov, chairman of the movement \"People's Diplomacy for Peace and Unity\", at a checkpoint at the entrance to Grozny, kept him for 28 days in the filtration camp on the outskirts of the city, then released him(Citation: \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435: \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f 1996).\n\nIn February 1996, the Russian military stopped at checkpoints 26 acquaintances of Madina Magomadova from the society \"Victims of War\", and all of them disappeared(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997).\n\nAt dawn on 1 August 1996, OMON fighters of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs in helicopters, jeeps and armored personnel carriers attacked the settlement of Dolinsky north-west of Grozny(Citation: CHECHEN REPUBLIC - RUSSIAN FEDERATION: \"Disappearance\" / Possible extrajudicial execution (UA 196/96, EUR 46/35/96) 1996). Movla Idrisov from Dolinsky told a Reuters correspondent on the day of the raid that the OMON men went into the first and second floors, led away all the men they found, and left one: a 65-year-old with one leg, on crutches(Citation: Dawn raiders seize Chechens 1996). The urgent action of Amnesty International of 6 August 1996 says that the OMON men led away 18 Chechens, among them Aslanbek Gassayev and Umakh Mogamedov: \"The men were led with sacks over their heads to a waiting bus and driven away. They have not been seen since\"(Citation: CHECHEN REPUBLIC - RUSSIAN FEDERATION: \"Disappearance\" / Possible extrajudicial execution (UA 196/96, EUR 46/35/96) 1996). In 1996, the UN Working Group on Enforced Disappearances requested from Russia information on the fate of two of them, and in 1997 Russia replied that their cases were being investigated by the Prosecutor General's Office, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the FSB(Citation: Report of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances (E/CN.4/1997/34) 1996)(Citation: Report of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances (E/CN.4/1998/43) 1998).\n\nOn 24 August 1996, eight Russian soldiers led away from a yard in Grozny Aleksei Karmayev, a 67-year-old disabled man who had complained to the headquarters of the 276th Regiment of the Russian army about looting, after which the disabled man went missing(Citation: Russia/Chechnya: A Legacy of Abuse 1997)(Citation: Russia/Chechnya: Report to the 1996 OSCE Review Conference 1996).\n\nBy the end of October 1996, the prison department of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs replied to a list of more than 1300 missing, handed over after the ceasefire in June 1996, that forty people from the list had been held in custody and released, but all forty had been released before 1993, before the war. About the rest the department said nothing. On 22 January 1997, Izmailov, an officer of the Russian search group, said on air on the ORT television channel that the missing Chechens were most likely no longer alive, and did not specify whether the Russian military had killed them in battle or shot them on detention, or whether they had died in custody(Citation: Russia/Chechnya: A Legacy of Abuse 1997). In January 1998, the UN Working Group on Enforced Disappearances reported that Russia had not clarified the fate of a single missing person about whom it had been asked(Citation: Report of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances (E/CN.4/1998/43) 1998).\n\nOn 10 June 1996, the working groups of Russia and Ichkeria on the search for the missing agreed to stop detentions based on lists and other papers without legal force(Citation: Protocol of the Meeting of the Working Groups, Formed under the Negotiations Commissions, to Locate Missing Persons and to Free Forcibly Detained Persons 1996).\n\nIn August 1996, the Armed Forces of Ichkeria liberated Grozny from the occupiers, forcing Russia to the negotiating table(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999). On 31 August 1996, peace agreements were signed in Khasavyurt (see: \"Sham Treaties\")(Citation: \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0432\u044e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 1996). On 31 December 1996, the last Russian troops left the republic(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0146", "comment": "In the autumn of 1994, Russia attacked the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria under the name of a puppet opposition, and on 11 December 1994 the Russian army openly invaded the republic. Russian servicemen and police officers extorted money, gold, cars and other valuables from Chechens.\n\nAt checkpoints, Russian police officers and soldiers took money from drivers for passage and took cars away from Chechens. Such posts stood in Grozny at every stop and on the road from Gudermes to Argun, towns east of Grozny(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997).\n\nRussian guards of the filtration camps and of the pits at military units demanded money from detained Chechens for their release (see: \"Hostage-Taking\")(Citation: \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435: \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f 1996)(Citation: \u0423\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0435. \u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 1995).\n\nRussian troops surrounded villages and took money from Chechens in exchange for not bombing them and for letting the Chechens leave(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997)(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-96-083) 1996). Russian servicemen demanded weapons that the Chechens did not have and took money instead. Often, a month after the payment, a new Russian unit surrounded the village and demanded money again(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997).\n\nOn 7-8 April 1995, Russian soldiers who were storming Samashki, a village in the west of Ichkeria, brought the men from Vygonnaya Street out of a basement and demanded gold and money from the women in exchange for not taking the men away. The occupiers took the men, stripped and bound with wire, to the pits near Assinovskaya, a neighboring stanitsa, and to the filtration camp in Mozdok, a town in Russian-controlled North Ossetia (see: \"Filtration Camp System\")(Citation: \u0422\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438. \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f. \u0410\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044c 1995. \u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 1995). In May, the headquarters of the joint grouping of the Internal Troops of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs in Ichkeria, in a \"Memo\", prohibited soldiers at the posts from taking belongings and food from Chechens passing through(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nIn the summer of 1995, the puppet government in Grozny began paying compensation from the Russian budget to Chechens whose homes the occupiers had destroyed(Citation: \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0441 2002)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). Officials of the puppet government who distributed the payments usually kept 15 to 50% of each family's money for themselves. By the count of the Chechen journalist Musa Muradov, of the 60 thousand families of Grozny who had lost their housing, no more than one and a half thousand received money(Citation: \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0441 2002). In the autumn of 1995, Russian soldiers at the checkpoints near Achkhoy-Martan and Sernovodsk, villages in the west of Ichkeria, took from everyone who entered or left the village 100,000 rubles (23 dollars) at Achkhoy-Martan and 50,000 rubles at Sernovodsk(Citation: The situation of human rights in the Republic of Chechnya of the Russian Federation. Report of the Secretary-General (E/CN.4/1996/13) 1996).\n\nBefore the assault in March 1996, Chechens in Samashki sold cows to buy weapons, hand them over to the Russian servicemen and save their homes. Zinaida Baisayeva, who lived in the village, told the public tribunal of the Russian Glasnost Foundation in Moscow on 22 April 1996: \"Approximately 9-10 times we gave money so that they would not bomb us. But they shelled us anyway every night.\" On the night of 14 March 1996, the occupiers surrounded Samashki. Russian servicemen told the village head and the elders that they would give a \"corridor\" so that fighters of the Armed Forces of Ichkeria could leave the village at night, and that they would then check passports and leave. Zainap Baisayeva from this village told the Glasnost tribunal: \"For this one-hour corridor they asked, as I was told, 58 million rubles. This money was collected from the residents of the village. My brother gave a million [rubles] \u2014 the last he had earned\u2026 All the money was handed over to the checkpoint, to whoever was in command there.\" For a second \"corridor\", for Chechen civilians to leave the village, the Russian servicemen demanded 10 thousand dollars. Chechens from Samashki told human rights defenders of Memorial that on 14 March the village head took weapons and 50 million rubles (10 thousand dollars) to Russian checkpoint No. 13. On the morning of 15 March, the occupiers gave the Chechens two hours to leave the village (see: \"Sham Corridor\") and began the assault(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997).\n\nIn the spring of 1996, the occupiers and the puppet government in Grozny forced villages to sign \"Protocols on Peace and Accord\" and to surrender weapons (see: \"Collective Punishment\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). Chechens in Gekhi, a village southwest of Grozny, paid Russian servicemen about a hundred million rubles when signing the \"Protocol on Peace and Accord\". In Mesker-Yurt, a village southeast of Grozny, the occupiers received a hundred thousand rubles from each house(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). On 7 April 1996, Russian servicemen ordered Saidash Shamakhurov from Gikalovo, a village south of Grozny, to drive in his own car to Khankala, the main base of the occupation troops on the eastern outskirts of Grozny. On 27 April, the occupiers exchanged him for a captured Russian soldier (see: \"Hostage-Taking\"), and three days later returned his car to him, taking 2,000 dollars and one more prisoner for it(Citation: Russia/Chechnya: A Legacy of Abuse 1997). In April 1996, the occupiers surrounded Shali, a town southeast of Grozny, and Russian soldiers at the post did not let Chechens out of the town, demanded money from them and fired into the ground in front of them. On 26 April, more than a thousand Chechen women and children left Shali on foot(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-96-083) 1996).\n\nThe 1995 report of the observer mission of Russian human rights organizations says that Russian guards extorted money where they held detained Chechens before sending them to filtration camps, because no one controlled these places and they had no official status(Citation: \u0423\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0435. \u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 1995).\n\nDespite the \"Memo\", Russian servicemen and police officers kept extorting payments at checkpoints until the end of the war in 1996, and Chechens complained about them to human rights defenders(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0005", "comment": "In the autumn of 1994, Russia attacked the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria under the name of a puppet opposition, and on 11 December 1994 the Russian army openly invaded the republic. Russia presented its attacks as a forced response and shifted the blame for the war onto Ichkeria.\n\nRussian President Yeltsin, Chernomyrdin, chairman of the government, Defense Minister Grachev and the commanders of the occupation troops declared the offensives of the Russian army a response to attacks and provocations by the army of Ichkeria, and blamed the leadership of Ichkeria for the breakdown of negotiations(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). The commanders said this to journalists of Russian news agencies, radio and television(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: Caught in the Crossfire: Civilians in Gudermes and Pervomayskoye 1996).\n\nOn the night of 29 November 1994, Russian President Yeltsin declared that the fighting in Ichkeria could not be stopped, and threatened to use all the forces of the state if the army of Ichkeria and the puppet opposition did not lay down their arms within 48 hours(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-94-229) 1994)(Citation: \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441 \u0415\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0438\u043d \u0434\u0430\u043b \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u043d\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 1994). Russia itself had armed the puppet opposition and led it into battle, and on 29 November the Security Council of Russia decided to start the war(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 18 February 1995, during the \"ceasefire\", Russian artillerymen shelled the positions of the army of Ichkeria near Shali, Argun and Gudermes, towns to the east of Grozny, and the defenders did not return fire (see: \"Sham Ceasefire\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 19 February, the Russian government declared that the army of Ichkeria had attacked Russian units on the southern outskirts of Grozny and wrecked the negotiations(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-95-034) 1995).\n\nOn 7 April 1995, the Internal Troops of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs (predecessors of today's Rosgvardia) stormed Samashki, a village in the west of Ichkeria. On 7 and 8 April, the occupiers killed 103 peaceful Chechens in the village (see: \"Mass Killings of Civilians\")(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995). On the evening of 7 April, Russian television channels, citing the military, reported that fighters of the army of Ichkeria had shot the village elders. That day, Russian soldiers had fired on the cars in which the elders were travelling, and all eight people survived (see: \"Lies about Its Own Actions\")(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995). On 1 May 1995, Sergei Kovalyov, a deputy of the Russian parliament, said at a hearing in the US Congress that this report had served as a pretext for a punitive action against the village(Citation: Hearing on Chechnya (CSCE 104-1-6) 1995). In July 1995, six of the ten deputies of the Russian parliament's commission that investigated the causes of the war wrote in their conclusion that the command of the occupation troops had decided to storm Samashki \"after yet another killing of three servicemen (border guards)\"(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995)(Citation: \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430 \u043e \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0435 1995)(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-95-141) 1995). The border guards had been killed in January 1995, three months before the storming, in the neighboring stanitsa of Assinovskaya(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995).\n\nAfter unknown persons made an assassination attempt in Grozny on 6 October 1995 on Romanov, the commander of the occupation troops, Russian President Yeltsin on 9 October and Defense Minister Grachev on 10 October blamed the attempt on supporters of Dzhokhar Dudayev, the president of Ichkeria. Russia suspended negotiations with Ichkeria and ordered the troops to resume the offensive(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-95-196) 1995). On 14 December, the Armed Forces of Ichkeria liberated Gudermes, the second-largest town of the republic, and the occupiers stormed it until 20 December and killed at least 267 townspeople (see: \"Mass Killings of Civilians\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 26 December, Shkirko, the commander of the occupation troops, stated that whoever opens fire first is to blame for the deaths, and that the fighters of the army of Ichkeria attack first(Citation: Caught in the Crossfire: Civilians in Gudermes and Pervomayskoye 1996).\n\nIn January 1996, the Russian government wrote to the UN Secretary-General that Russia had from the very beginning wanted to settle the matter by negotiations, and that supporters of Dzhokhar Dudayev, the president of Ichkeria, were wrecking the peace process with provocations(Citation: The situation of human rights in the Republic of Chechnya of the Russian Federation. Report of the Secretary-General (E/CN.4/1996/13) 1996). In late January, Chernomyrdin, chairman of the Russian government, in a letter to deputies of the Russian parliament, blamed the leadership of Ichkeria for the breakdown of negotiations and promised to launch propaganda before new strikes on the republic. The head of the government warned that casualties were inevitable, including among peaceful Chechens(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 7 May 1996, the crews of five Russian helicopters fired rockets at Urus-Martan, a town south-west of Grozny where there had been no fighting for a year and a half, and killed five Chechens at the market (see: \"Indiscriminate Attacks\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: RFE/RL Newsline, 9 May 1996 1996). Fatima Ashgerieva, who was travelling by bus to Urus-Martan that day, told the public tribunal of the Russian Glasnost Foundation in Prague in May 1996: \"We did not hear a single shot from the direction of Urus-Martan, only shots from the helicopters\"(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). On 10 May, Russian pilots again killed one Chechen in Urus-Martan and seriously wounded eight, among them four children. On 12 May, the crews of Russian helicopters killed 20-year-old Khasmagomed Arsemikov and wounded eight women(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997).\n\nOn 12 May 1996, Tikhomirov, the commander of the occupation troops, justified the strike on Urus-Martan on the Vesti program of the RTR television channel: \"There was at the same time an attempt to provoke actions by the federal [Russian] troops\u2026 And at the same time fire at the helicopters. Which, of course, provoked retaliatory actions by the federal troops\"(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 13 May, officials of the Russian-controlled Urus-Martan district said on the Vremya program of the ORT television channel that there were no armed units in the town and that no one had fired at the Russian helicopters(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-96-094) 1996). On 13, 14 and 17 May, police of the occupation administration and the Russian military searched houses in Urus-Martan but did not find a single fighter of the army of Ichkeria(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 9 July 1996, a month after Russia and Ichkeria agreed on a ceasefire in Nazran, a town in Russian-controlled Ingushetia, the occupiers began a new offensive (see: \"Sham Ceasefire\")(Citation: \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0433\u043d\u044f, \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 1996). On 17 July, while Russian pilots were bombing the surroundings of Shatoy and Vedeno, villages in the mountains in the south of Ichkeria, Chernomyrdin, chairman of the Russian government, stated that Ichkeria had been the first to resort to provocation, contrary to the agreements signed in Moscow and Nazran(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nIn August 1996, the Armed Forces of Ichkeria liberated Grozny from the occupiers, forcing Russia to the negotiating table(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999). On 31 August 1996, peace agreements were signed in Khasavyurt, a town in Russian-controlled Dagestan (see: \"Sham Treaties\")(Citation: \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0432\u044e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 1996). Three years later, on 21 September 1999, Russian pilots began bombing Grozny, and on 29 September the Russian army invaded the republic again(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). Russia officially called the new war a \"counter-terrorist operation\"(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0101", "comment": "In the autumn of 1994, Russia attacked the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria under the name of a puppet opposition, and on 11 December 1994 the Russian army openly invaded the republic. Russia decided which journalists could work in Ichkeria, confiscated their footage and persecuted them for reporting on the war.\n\nOn 1 December 1994, ten days before the open invasion, Chernomyrdin, chairman of the Russian government, by directive No. 1886-r created the Temporary Information Center(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-94-232) 1994)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 9 December, by resolution No. 1360, the Russian government instructed the center to issue journalists accreditation, the permit to work in Ichkeria, and to withdraw it immediately for information the center deemed false. The government gave the Russian Interior Ministry (MVD) and the FSK (predecessor of today's FSB) the right to expel from Ichkeria any outsiders they deemed dangerous(Citation: \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2116 1360 \u041e\u0431 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 1994).\n\nOn 29 December 1994, the Russian MVD announced that the Temporary Information Center's accreditation gave no right to travel where the Russian Internal Troops (predecessors of today's Rosgvardia) were stationed(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nAt the end of January 1995, the Russian government created the Mobile Information Center in Mozdok, a town in Russian-controlled North Ossetia where the occupiers' headquarters stood. Only this center's accreditation gave journalists the right to be in the \"combat zone\", and there only under the supervision of servicemen or officials. The occupiers usually counted all of Ichkeria as this zone(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nThe Russian military expelled journalists without accreditation from the republic, and detained journalists with accreditation and confiscated their tapes and equipment, explaining that accreditation from the Ministry of Defense or the MVD was also needed(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 15 December 1994, Soskovets, deputy chairman of the Russian government, announced that the government could strip the NTV television channel of its broadcasting license for its reports on the victims of the war in Ichkeria. After public protest, the government dropped this threat(Citation: Attacks on the Press in 1995: Central Europe and the Republics of the Former Soviet Union 1996).\n\nAt the end of May 1995, officers of the Russian FSB arrested NTV journalists near the stanitsa of Assinovskaya in the west of Ichkeria for filming Russian troop positions, although the commander of the Russian division had allowed it. The FSB held the journalists for six hours in a filtration camp and released them (see: \"Filtration Camp System\")(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). On 3 June 1995, the Russian military arrested three foreign journalists on the border between Ichkeria and Russian-controlled Dagestan and reprimanded them for not having the proper accreditation. Four days later, on 7 June, the occupiers let the journalists go to Moscow but confiscated their tapes and film(Citation: Attacks on the Press in 1995: Central Europe and the Republics of the Former Soviet Union 1996).\n\nOn 25 June 1995, Yelena Masyuk, a journalist of the Russian television channel NTV, recorded an interview with Shamil Basayev, a commander of the Armed Forces of Ichkeria, in the Nozhai-Yurt district in the southeast of the republic(Citation: Attacks on the Press in 1995: Central Europe and the Republics of the Former Soviet Union 1996). In April 1996, the journalist told the public tribunal of the Russian Glasnost Foundation in Moscow: \"To get accreditation to work in Chechnya, you had to get to the military airfield in Mozdok, where the accreditations were issued \u2014 but to drive onto the airfield, you already had to have that accreditation.\" About the road to Shamil Basayev she told the tribunal: \"To get to the Chechen village where, by my guess, Basayev was at the time, I had to walk 12 kilometers on foot around the Russian checkpoints\"(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). On 13 July 1995, the Prosecutor General's Office of Russia opened a criminal case against Yelena Masyuk for not telling the investigators where she had taken the interview. At the end of August, the prosecutor's office closed the case without charges and asked the Russian government's press agency to make sure such interviews did not happen again(Citation: Attacks on the Press in 1995: Central Europe and the Republics of the Former Soviet Union 1996).\n\nFrom 6 to 9 March 1996, while the Armed Forces of Ichkeria were attacking the occupiers in Grozny, Russian officials forbade television crews in the city to film(Citation: Attacks on the Press in 1996: Russia 1997). On 8 August 1996, a Russian soldier at a checkpoint near Grozny told four journalists of foreign media to turn back and threatened to destroy their equipment, and when they turned around, the occupiers fired a grenade launcher at their car and missed. Two hours later, Russian pilots fired on the journalists from helicopters at another entrance to the city but wounded no one(Citation: Attacks on the Press in 1996: Russia 1997).\n\nIn its report for 1996, the international organization Committee to Protect Journalists wrote that throughout the war Russian troops refused to recognize journalists' accreditation, spoiled their film, destroyed their equipment and fired on their cars from checkpoints and combat helicopters(Citation: Attacks on the Press in 1996: Russia 1997).\n\nIn August 1996, the Armed Forces of Ichkeria liberated Grozny from the occupiers, forcing Russia to the negotiating table(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999). On 31 August 1996, peace agreements were signed in Khasavyurt (see: \"Sham Treaties\")(Citation: \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0432\u044e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 1996). On 31 December 1996, the last Russian troops left the republic(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0159", "comment": "In the autumn of 1994, Russia attacked the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria under the name of a puppet opposition, and on 11 December 1994 the Russian army openly invaded the republic. The occupiers shelled and bombed entire villages and towns of Ichkeria for refusing to submit.\n\nAs a rule, the command of the occupation troops demanded that the Chechens in the villages hand over their weapons, not fire at Russian soldiers, or make the Armed Forces of Ichkeria leave the village(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). In other villages Russian commanders demanded the handover of captured Russian servicemen or passage for their vehicles through the village(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997)(Citation: \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 1996). Commanders of the occupation troops, citing their intelligence data, demanded that the Chechens in a village hand over an arbitrary number of assault rifles in exchange for safety(Citation: Russia: Partisan War in Chechnya on the Eve of the World War II Commemoration 1995).\n\nIf a village did not meet the demands, Russian troops surrounded it. The occupiers did not let Chechens out of the village and did not let food and medicine through to them (see: \"Medical and Humanitarian Blockade\"). Russian artillery shelled the surrounded village, and aircraft bombed it (see: \"Indiscriminate Attacks\"). The Russian military opened fire before the deadline they themselves had set, or after the village had handed over its weapons(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: Russia: Partisan War in Chechnya on the Eve of the World War II Commemoration 1995).\n\nAfter fighters of the army of Ichkeria took Russian special forces soldiers prisoner on 8 January 1995, Russian pilots in helicopters threatened to bomb Komsomolskoye, Alkhazurovo and Roshni-Chu, villages to the southwest of Grozny, and then struck the outskirts of Roshni-Chu, although the special forces soldiers were not in the village(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). In January the crews of Russian helicopters scattered over Bamut, a village to the southwest of Grozny, leaflets of the command of the occupation troops threatening to respond with \"powerful missile and bomb strikes\" if fire was opened from the village at Russian troops(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). In January the occupiers scattered over Shali, a town to the southeast of Grozny, leaflets threatening to open \"return fire\" \"on the whole village\" for \"a single shot [toward the occupiers] from Shali\"(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995).\n\nFrom 26 February to 3 March 1995 the Russian military at the post near Samashki, a village in the west of Ichkeria, threatened the elders with a strike on the village if they did not persuade their fellow villagers to \"settle the matter peacefully\"(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995). On 8 March the elders undertook to get the army of Ichkeria out of the village and hand over heavy weapons, and the Russian general Kosolapov signed an agreement with them under which Russian troops would not enter Samashki and would not use force against Chechen civilians (see: \"False Guarantees of Safety\"). The elders fulfilled their obligation, but from 13 March the Russian military at the posts let no one out of Samashki for 25 days and did not let food and medicine through (see: \"Transport Blockade\")(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995). On 6 April Romanov, the deputy commander of the occupation troops, demanded that by seven in the morning of 7 April the village hand over 264 assault rifles, two machine guns and one infantry fighting vehicle and let the Internal Troops of the Russian MVD (predecessors of today's Rosgvardia) into the village, but the elders replied that there were not that many weapons in the village(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995). On 7 April a Russian general who refused to give his name gave the elders until 4 p.m., but the occupiers began shelling the village with mortars earlier. Yuzbek Shovkhalov, an elder of Samashki who took part in the talks with the command of the occupation troops, told a Memorial observer on 9 April 1995 what happened when Russian troops stormed the village: \"'Give us the militants [this is what the Russians called the Armed Forces of Ichkeria].' I say: 'There are no militants here'\u2026 Armored personnel carriers... They fire from heavy machine guns. Right in the village. At the house where people live... Either they burn the house down, or the house perishes, anything at all...\"(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995). On 7 and 8 April the Russian military killed 103 Chechen civilians in Samashki, whom human rights defenders recorded by name (see: \"Mass Killings of Civilians\")(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 3 March 1995 the command of the occupation troops demanded that the Chechens in Argun, Gudermes and Shali, towns to the east and southeast of Grozny, persuade the Armed Forces of Ichkeria to leave in order to save people's lives(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995). On 23 March the occupiers captured Argun, and on 30-31 March, when the defenders were forced to leave, Gudermes and Shali (see: \"Military Intervention\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 8 April Labunets, the commander of the occupation troops in the south of Ichkeria, threatened in writing to shell Zakan-Yurt, a village to the east of Samashki, with artillery if the Chechens in the village did not hand over their weapons and surrender the fighters of the army of Ichkeria, and on 11 April soldiers of the Russian MVD searched every yard and found no weapons(Citation: \u0422\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438. \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f. \u0410\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044c 1995. \u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 1995)(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995). In April 1995 the Chechens in Bachi-Yurt, Koshkeldy and Alleroy, villages in the east of Ichkeria, under threat of bombing bought assault rifles and handed them over to the occupiers, but the Russian military shelled these villages anyway (see: \"Total Destruction of Infrastructure\")(Citation: Russia: Partisan War in Chechnya on the Eve of the World War II Commemoration 1995)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). The Internal Troops of the Russian MVD and the Russian police kept Sernovodsk, a village in the west of Ichkeria where more than 10,000 people and more than 3,000 refugees lived, encircled for more than five months, from 30 September 1995 until the storming in March 1996(Citation: \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 1996)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). Artemov, the commander of the occupation troops in the southwest of Ichkeria, threatened the village in writing with artillery and air strikes if the village did not disarm about a hundred fighters of the army of Ichkeria and let Russian vehicles through Sernovodsk(Citation: \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 1996).\n\nOn 11 February 1996 the command of the occupation troops demanded that the Chechens in Novogroznensky, a settlement in the east of Ichkeria, hand over their weapons and expel the defenders, and when the defenders did not leave, the occupiers killed at least 50 Chechen civilians in the settlement by shelling and storming (see: \"Indiscriminate Attacks\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). In March 1996 the Russian military demanded that Katyr-Yurt, a village to the southwest of Grozny, hand over assault rifles and ten captured Russian soldiers who were not in the village, and on 28 March a Russian pilot dropped bombs on the village and killed nine people from the Khazhgiriyev family (see: \"Indiscriminate Attacks\")(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nIn the spring of 1996 the command of the occupation troops and the puppet government in Grozny forced villages to sign a \"Protocol on Peace and Accord\". Under this document a village undertook to surrender the defenders, hand over weapons and let the Russian military in, and for a single fighter of the army of Ichkeria found in the village the occupiers threatened to shoot Chechens and destroy the village(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). On 31 March 1996 Russian President Yeltsin, by Decree No. 435, made the signing of such protocols part of his program for Ichkeria(Citation: \u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442 31 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 1996 \u0433. \u2116 435 \u00ab\u041e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0435\u00bb 1996), and Russian aircraft bombed villages that refused to sign the protocol(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 17 April 1996 the Chechens in Chiri-Yurt, a village to the south of Grozny, released captured Russian servicemen under an ultimatum from General Shamanov, but as the occupiers' vehicles were leaving the village, Russian tank crews with a single shot razed to the ground the house of the family of Abdulla Dakhayev, the representative of the authorities of Ichkeria in Chiri-Yurt(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 19 April the occupiers surrounded Shali, and on 25 April demanded that the town surrender the defenders, hand over weapons and release captured Russian soldiers. On the same day Russian pilots bombed the town (see: \"Indiscriminate Attacks\")(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-96-083) 1996)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). At the end of April the elders of Komsomolskoye signed a peace agreement with the occupiers, but from 30 April to 1 May Russian pilots bombed the village and wounded four Chechen civilians(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-96-087) 1996). On 6 May Russian troops captured Shali without a fight; there turned out to be no defenders or prisoners there(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On that day the occupiers surrounded Komsomolskoye and threatened to destroy it if the fighters of the army of Ichkeria did not hand over their weapons by nightfall, but at about three in the afternoon, before the deadline, Russian artillery opened fire and killed several Chechen civilians(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997).\n\nOn 8 July 1996 Tikhomirov, the commander of the occupation troops, at a press conference in Khankala, the main base of the occupation troops on the eastern outskirts of Grozny, threatened Ichkeria with retaliatory measures if Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev, the acting president of Ichkeria, did not return all Russian prisoners on 9 July(Citation: \u0423\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0443\u043c \u2014 \u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432 1996). From 9 to 15 July Russian troops surrounded and shelled Gekhi, a village to the southwest of Grozny where a unit of the army of Ichkeria was stationed, and Makhkety, a mountain village in the southeast of the republic. In Gekhi the occupiers killed 19 Chechen civilians, in Makhkety 25 (see: \"Indiscriminate Attacks\")(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-96-139) 1996)(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999)(Citation: \u041f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043a \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443 \u0432\u044b\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d \u00ab\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438\u00bb 1996). From 10 July the occupation command introduced a curfew in Ichkeria and banned driving into and out of Grozny by car(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999).\n\nThe Russian military destroyed the houses of relatives of the leaders of Ichkeria and the commanders of its army(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999). On 15 July 1996 the crews of seven Russian helicopters struck Starye Atagi, a village to the south of Grozny, with missiles and destroyed the house of the mother of Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev, the acting president of Ichkeria, but the mother and the neighbors survived(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999)(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-96-139) 1996). In the summer of 1996 the Russian military blew up the house of the father of Shamil Basayev, one of the commanders of the army of Ichkeria, in the mountain village of Vedeno(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 19 August 1996 Pulikovsky, the acting commander of the occupation troops, demanded that the army of Ichkeria leave Grozny and gave the citizens of Ichkeria 48 hours to leave the city, where, according to some data, at least 50-70 thousand people remained, and according to others, 300 thousand(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999)(Citation: Human Rights Watch World Report 1997: The Russian Federation 1997). The general threatened after that deadline to strike the city with aircraft, artillery and multiple rocket launchers, which cannot fire with precision, and on the night of 20 August, without waiting for the deadline to expire, the occupiers resumed the shelling and bombing of Grozny(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999).\n\nThe human rights defenders of Memorial write that the command of the occupation troops made its demands of a whole village and, in case of refusal, threatened reprisals against everyone who lived in it(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). A Human Rights Watch report of May 1995 says that demands to hand over weapons sometimes serve the Russian military as a pretext for attacking a village or for detaining Chechens(Citation: Russia: Partisan War in Chechnya on the Eve of the World War II Commemoration 1995). It is unknown how many such crimes the occupation troops committed from December 1994 to August 1996.\n\nOn 21 August 1996 General Lebed, the secretary of the Russian Security Council, canceled General Pulikovsky's threat to strike Grozny and called it a bad joke to journalists(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999)(Citation: \u041e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0448\u0443\u0442\u043a\u0430 1996).\n\nIn August 1996, the Armed Forces of Ichkeria liberated Grozny from the occupiers, forcing Russia to the negotiating table(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999). On 31 August 1996, peace agreements were signed in Khasavyurt (see: \"Sham Treaties\")(Citation: \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0432\u044e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 1996). On 31 December 1996, the last Russian troops left the republic(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0006", "comment": "In the autumn of 1994, Russia attacked the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria under the name of a puppet opposition, and on 11 December 1994 the Russian army openly invaded the republic. Throughout the war, Russia called the army and the authorities of Ichkeria \"bandits\", \"bandit formations\" and \"terrorists\", and Chechens \"militants\".\n\nOn 2 November 1993, Russian president Yeltsin, by decree No. 1833, approved a military doctrine under which the army could be used against \"illegal armed formations\"(Citation: \u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442 2 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 1993 \u0433. \u2116 1833 \u00ab\u041e\u0431 \u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438\u00bb 1993)(Citation: \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2116 10-\u041f \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0443 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043e \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0435 1995). With these words Russian officials designated the Armed Forces of Ichkeria(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 27 December 1994, Russian president Yeltsin, in a televised address to the citizens of Russia, called some of the defenders of Ichkeria professional \"terrorists\" and mercenaries from other states. The president set Russian soldiers and police officers the task of disarming the \"bandit formations\". Yeltsin warned Russians that their relatives could fall victim to the \"rampant banditry\" in Ichkeria(Citation: \u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u0424 \u0411. \u041d. \u0415\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043a \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 (\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u044d\u0444\u0438\u0440 27 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044f 1994 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430) 1994). Commanders of the occupation forces called the people in Grozny and in the villages that the Russian army was pounding \"bandit formations\" and \"militants\"(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nA soldier of the Russian border troops who fought in Ichkeria told the newspaper Rossiyskiye Vesti about retraining in Stavropol, a city in the south of Russia. There the soldiers were told to set booby traps without thinking about who would be blown up by them: a child would grow up to be a \"mujahid\", and a woman would give birth to a new \"militant\"(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 7 April 1995, the Internal Troops of Russia's Ministry of Internal Affairs (predecessors of today's Rosgvardia) began the assault on Samashki, a village in the west of Ichkeria(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995). On 8 April, a Russian soldier was driving women and children out of a cellar on Vygonnaya Street. Mariet T., a Chechen woman from that street, told observers of Memorial that the occupier shouted at them: \"These aren't women, they're bitches, whores, they kill ours too, and we're supposed to spare theirs?!\" Then the Russian military herded some of the women into a room and others into a cellar and shot at them (see: \"Mass Killings of Civilians\"). Ruslan N. from Samashki recalled how MVD soldiers detained him that day: \"They took my passport and right there, in front of me, tore it up\u2026 'You'll go down as a militant. You've got a militant's mug'\". At a military unit north of the village, the servicemen beat him unconscious. Ruslan N. survived(Citation: \u0422\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438. \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f. \u0410\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044c 1995. \u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 1995).\n\nRussian officials and military men, from the prime minister to the soldier conducting a search, called the authorities of Ichkeria \"bandits\"(Citation: \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u044b... 1995)(Citation: OMRI Daily Digest, 20 January 1995 1995), its army \"bandit formations\"(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010) and \"terrorists\"(Citation: \u041f\u043b\u0430\u043d \u0415\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1996)(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-96-063) 1996), and Chechen civilians \"bandits\"(Citation: \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435: \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f 1996) and \"militants\"(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). On 4 January 1996, Tikhomirov, commander of the occupation forces, in an interview with the Russian agency Interfax, spoke of Aslan Maskhadov, chief of the Main Staff of the Armed Forces of Ichkeria, as a \"bandit\"(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 11 and 12 July 1996, unknown persons blew up two trolleybuses in Moscow(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). According to Amnesty International, at the site of the second explosion Moscow mayor Luzhkov told a Russian police general that all Chechens should be expelled from the city. The general replied that if he were allowed to, he would introduce terror on the streets. The Russian television channel NTV showed this conversation on the day of the explosion(Citation: RUSSIAN FEDERATION: Ethnic Chechens in Moscow (UA 182/96, EUR 46/33/96) 1996)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). At a press conference at the mayor's office, Luzhkov told journalists that a \"Chechen trace\" could be seen in the explosions(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-96-136) 1996)(Citation: \u0422\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0439\u0431\u0443\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 1996)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). Alexander Litvinenko, a former FSB officer, and the historian Yuri Felshtinsky write that those who blew up the trolleybuses \"were not caught and\u2026 it was not determined whether they were Chechens or not\"(Citation: \u0424\u0421\u0411 \u0432\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e 2002). Human rights defenders of Human Rights Watch wrote in their report for 1996 that Luzhkov's televised statements \"set the tone\" for raids on markets and dormitories. In the two days after the explosions, the Moscow police, which verified documents \"overwhelmingly against dark-skinned people\", detained 5,770 people for violating residence registration rules(Citation: Human Rights Watch World Report 1997: The Russian Federation 1997). In a 1999 report, Amnesty International wrote that for several years Luzhkov's statements served the police as an implied instruction to persecute and intimidate Chechens solely because they were Chechens(Citation: Russian Federation: For the Motherland. Reported grave breaches of international humanitarian law. Persecution of ethnic Chechens in Moscow (EUR 46/46/99) 1999).\n\nAt a hearing in the US Congress, the Russian journalist Yevgenia Albats said that those whom Russia called \"bandits\" were ordinary citizens who had stood up for their land, their houses and their families(Citation: Hearing on Chechnya (CSCE 104-1-6) 1995). Human rights defenders of Memorial write that until June 1995, and again from late January 1996, Russia waged the war without calling it a war or the enemy an enemy(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0008", "comment": "In the autumn of 1994, Russia attacked the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria under the name of a puppet opposition, and on 11 December 1994 the Russian army openly invaded the republic. Russia did not recognize Ichkeria as an independent state, nor its elected president and government as a party to the war and to negotiations.\n\nOn 9 December 1994, two days before the open invasion, Chernomyrdin, chairman of the Russian government, by Resolution No. 1360 ordered the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Defense to disarm the \"illegal armed formations\" (as Russia called the Armed Forces of Ichkeria)(Citation: \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2116 1360 \u041e\u0431 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 1994). On 17 December, Russian President Yeltsin, by Decree No. 2200, created a Russian administration for Ichkeria. On 20 December, the Russian government, by Resolution No. 1411, obliged all enterprises, organizations and institutions of the republic to carry out the decisions of this administration (see: \"Installation of a New System of Governance\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nThroughout the war, the president, ministers and generals of Russia refused to negotiate with the leadership of Ichkeria or demanded that it first surrender its weapons and disband its army(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 1 February 1995, Ilyushenko, acting Prosecutor General of Russia, charged Dzhokhar Dudayev, the elected president of Ichkeria, with high treason, calls for terrorism, violation of national and racial equality and violation of the law on referendums(Citation: OMRI Daily Digest, 2 February 1995 1995). The Prosecutor General's Office of Russia issued a warrant for the arrest of the Chechen president and put him on the all-Russian wanted list(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 30 July 1995, Russia signed an agreement with Ichkeria on the cessation of hostilities. The Russian delegation added to its first line that Ichkeria was not recognized by the legislation of Russia(Citation: \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f (\u041d\u043e\u0445\u0447\u0438\u0447\u044c\u043e) - \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434 \u0438\u0437\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 1995)(Citation: Agreement on the peaceful regulation of the situation in the Chechen Republic (on a set of military issues) 1995).\n\nOn 12 December 1994, the day after the open invasion, the Russian delegation at the negotiations in Vladikavkaz, the capital of North Ossetia, demanded that the representatives of Ichkeria recognize the republic as part of Russia(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 17 December 1994, Dzhokhar Dudayev, the president of Ichkeria, informed Yeltsin by telegram that he had ordered a ceasefire against the Russian troops and proposed to begin negotiations without preconditions, which he would lead himself(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-94-243) 1994). On 18 December, Yeltsin by telegram ordered the president of Ichkeria to appear that same day in Mozdok, a town in Russian-controlled North Ossetia, at the headquarters of the occupation troops and to sign a document on the surrender of weapons and a ceasefire(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-94-243) 1994)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). The press service of the Russian president told the Russian news agency ITAR-TASS that further telegrams from the Chechen president would not be answered(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-94-244) 1994). On 23 December, Dzhokhar Dudayev conveyed through Sergei Kovalyov, the Russian human rights commissioner, to Russian Foreign Minister Kozyrev that he was ready to cease fire immediately and to negotiate on everything, including the disarmament of the army of Ichkeria, but received no answer from Moscow(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 27 December, Yeltsin, in a televised address to the citizens of Russia, declared: \"the regime in Grozny [as the Russian president called the government of Ichkeria] is illegal\", and of negotiations he said: \"The subject of negotiations is a ceasefire and the surrender of weapons\"(Citation: \u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u0424 \u0411. \u041d. \u0415\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043a \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 (\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u044d\u0444\u0438\u0440 27 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044f 1994 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430) 1994)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 31 December, the Russian army began the storming of Grozny, the capital of Ichkeria (see: \"Military Intervention\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 18 January 1995, Russian President Yeltsin said on Russian television that he would not talk to Dzhokhar Dudayev(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). From February to June 1995, Russian Defense Minister Grachev and Kulikov, the commander of the occupation troops, replied to the proposals of a ceasefire from Aslan Maskhadov, the chief of the Main Staff of the Armed Forces of Ichkeria, that they would talk only about the surrender of weapons and the disbanding of the army of Ichkeria(Citation: Russia: Three Months of War in Chechnya 1995)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: OMRI Daily Digest, 19 May 1995 1995). On 19 May 1995, Yeltsin rejected the law by which, on 12 April, Russian deputies had instructed the Russian government to begin direct negotiations with the leadership of Ichkeria immediately and without preconditions(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: OMRI Daily Digest, 22 May 1995 1995). On 5 July 1995, two weeks after negotiations with Ichkeria began in Grozny, Chernomyrdin, chairman of the Russian government, and the Russian negotiators declared that they would not discuss its status(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 10 January 1996, Chernomyrdin, chairman of the Russian government, said: \"Chechnya is Russia\"(Citation: \u0423 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u0442\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u043e\u0434\u043a\u0438: \u041a\u0438\u0437\u043b\u044f\u0440 - \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435, \u044f\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c 1996 1996). On 11 January, the Russian government, in a letter to the UN Secretary-General, named the government of Ichkeria as the cause of the war, declaring it illegal and Ichkeria itself part of Russia(Citation: The situation of human rights in the Republic of Chechnya of the Russian Federation. Report of the Secretary-General (E/CN.4/1996/13) 1996). On 7 April, Mikhailov, Russian minister for nationalities, said that the parties to the negotiations should be the commanders of the Armed Forces of Ichkeria. On 17 April, Russian Justice Minister Kovalyov declared that direct negotiations with Dzhokhar Dudayev, \"a subject of criminal proceedings\", were impossible, and invited him to come to a Russian court. On 21 April, the Russian military killed the president of Ichkeria (see: \"Neutralization of the Opposition\"). On 25 April, Justice Minister Kovalyov announced that negotiations with the commanders of the Armed Forces of Ichkeria would be conducted by the puppet government in Grozny(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 27 May 1996, Russian President Yeltsin received in the Kremlin, for negotiations on a ceasefire, a delegation of Ichkeria headed by Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev, acting president of Ichkeria. The Russian organizers of the meeting assigned the representatives of Ichkeria seats at the side of the table, while Yeltsin sat at its head. Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev demanded to sit opposite the Russian president, as at negotiations between two states, and to Yeltsin's \"Sit down\" he replied across the negotiating table: \"I will not sit down to that tone\". The Russian president moved to the middle of the table(Citation: \u0418\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0438: \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0415\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u042f\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u041a\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435 1996). The Russian delegation did not write the names of the parties into the ceasefire agreement, and Chernomyrdin, chairman of the Russian government, and Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev signed it with their surnames and no titles. Mikhailov, Russian minister for nationalities, explained this to journalists at a press conference at the Russian news agency Interfax: \"If we had written 'Ichkeria', that would practically mean recognizing the existence of a republic that does not exist...\"(Citation: \u0418\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0438: \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0415\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u042f\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u041a\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435 1996). On 28 May, the Russian organizers of the meeting did not let the delegation of Ichkeria meet with Moscow journalists, and in the evening the delegation flew to Russian-controlled Ingushetia(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 25 July 1996, General Pulikovsky, acting commander of the occupation troops, told journalists that with the commanders of the Armed Forces of Ichkeria he would discuss only the place and time of the surrender of weapons(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-96-145) 1996). On 28 July, Pulikovsky replied on air on the Russian television channel RTR to Aslan Maskhadov's proposal to discuss ending the war that he did not know where to look for the leadership of Ichkeria(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-96-146) 1996)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nHuman rights defenders of Memorial write that the president and government of Russia called the war their internal affair(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 31 August 1996, General Lebed, secretary of the Security Council of Russia, and Aslan Maskhadov, the chief of the Main Staff of the Armed Forces of Ichkeria, signed in Khasavyurt, a town in Russian-controlled Dagestan, the agreements on the withdrawal of the occupation troops (see: \"Sham Treaties\"). Russia and Ichkeria postponed the decision on the independence of Ichkeria for five years, until 31 December 2001(Citation: \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0432\u044e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 1996)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). The word \"Ichkeria\" does not appear in the agreements: the republic is called the Chechen Republic(Citation: \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0432\u044e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 1996). In September 1999, the Russian army invaded Ichkeria for the second time since 1994(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0123", "comment": "In the autumn of 1994, Russia attacked the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria under the name of a puppet opposition, and on 11 December 1994 the Russian army openly invaded the republic. The occupiers left Chechens without drinking water.\n\nRussian pilots and artillerymen more than once destroyed substations and the water supply system in Grozny, the capital of Ichkeria, leaving the townspeople without water(Citation: \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435: \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f 1996)(Citation: Russian Federation/Northen Caucasus: Drinking water scarce in Grozny 1996).\n\nRussian servicemen fired from armored personnel carriers and helicopters at Chechens who were going for water (see: \"Indiscriminate Attacks\")(Citation: Russia: Three Months of War in Chechnya 1995)(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997).\n\nOn 31 January 1995, the occupiers shelled Samashki, a village in the west of Ichkeria, from tanks and helicopters, leaving the Chechens in the village without water (see: \"Indiscriminate Attacks\")(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995). In February 1995, Russian artillery shelled and aircraft bombed Argun, a town east of Grozny. Chechens in Argun hid in basements and went out for water only between seven and nine in the morning, while the crews of Russian helicopters fired at passers-by in the streets(Citation: Russia: Three Months of War in Chechnya 1995).\n\nDuring the assault on Grozny in February 1995, Russian servicemen in the Katayama settlement within the city limits shot 28-year-old Dzhenchuraeva with the cannon of an armored personnel carrier as she was carrying water. Her brother tried to carry the body home and survived, although the occupiers wounded him in the shoulder. Lipkan Bazaeva, a teacher from Grozny and the wife of the murdered woman's cousin, told the public tribunal of the Russian Glasnost Foundation in Prague in May 1996: \"She went for water, believing that a woman would not be killed\"(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997).\n\nOn 7 April 1995, the Internal Troops of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs (predecessors of today's Rosgvardia) and OMON troops (police special forces) stormed Samashki. On 8 April, Russian soldiers searched houses in the village and set fire to most of them (see: \"Total Destruction of Infrastructure\"). On the morning of 8 April, Russian servicemen drove Yuzbek Shovkhalov, an elder of Samashki, into the basement of his house on Kooperativnaya Street, and the basement filled with smoke. In April 1995, the elder told the observer mission of Russian human rights organizations how he ran out of there with burns: \"I run, thinking, at least there was a flask of water standing there. No, they had carried it out, they're drinking the water. They're all sitting on the other side of the street, sitting, laughing, cracking sunflower seeds\"(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 10 April, a Chechen woman named Karnukaeva of Rabochaya Street told the mission about soldiers in the neighbors' yard, where she had hidden on 8 April: \"They say to the old woman: 'Is this your drinking water?' She says: 'Yes, it's clean water.' 'Go on, you drink it first.' She took a mug, drank some water, then they drank themselves and spilled it, didn't leave a drop. They turned over all those barrels and flasks and poured out the water. In case anything happened, if there was a fire, so that no one could put it out. That's probably what they were thinking\"(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995).\n\nBy 12 April 1995, Russian servicemen had shot through the water barrels in Samashki, and the Chechens in the village had nothing to keep water in(Citation: \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435: \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f 1996). The diary of a Memorial observer records on 14 April that the village was receiving no water, gas or electricity. That day, the command of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs eased entry into Samashki, and Kosov, an adviser to the president of Russian-controlled Ingushetia, organized the delivery of bread and water to the village(Citation: \u0422\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438. \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f. \u0410\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044c 1995. \u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 1995).\n\nIn the spring of 1996, a year after Russian troops captured Grozny, there was no water in the city's apartments, and there were two to three liters per person a day. The townspeople walked 5-10 kilometers for water and took it from the dirty Sunzha river, which flows through the city(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). In August 1996, Russian pilots bombed Grozny, and artillerymen shelled the city (see: \"Indiscriminate Attacks\"). A bulletin of the International Committee of the Red Cross of 2 September 1996 says that after these strikes all 80 thousand people in Grozny were left without drinking water, and at the end of August Red Cross engineers reached the city's only working pumping station and began distributing water, three liters per person a day(Citation: Russian Federation/Northen Caucasus: Drinking water scarce in Grozny 1996).\n\nIn August 1996, the Armed Forces of Ichkeria liberated Grozny from the occupiers, forcing Russia to the negotiating table(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999). On 31 August 1996, peace agreements were signed in Khasavyurt (see: \"Sham Treaties\")(Citation: \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0432\u044e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 1996). On 31 December 1996, the last Russian troops left the republic(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0163", "comment": "In the autumn of 1994, Russia attacked the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria under the name of a puppet opposition, and on 11 December 1994 the Russian army openly invaded the republic. The occupiers burned the bodies of the Chechens they had killed, cut off the ears of the dead, secretly buried bodies in unmarked graves and did not give them back to the families.\n\nRussian servicemen killed detained Chechens and secretly buried the bodies near their positions, and such graves were often mined(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). The occupiers did not let relatives onto the grounds of their units, and families found the graves only when the unit had left(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435: \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f 1996).\n\nIn captured villages, Russian soldiers threw the bodies of the Chechens they had killed into houses they had set on fire, or doused them with gasoline and set them alight(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995)(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). The occupiers cut off the ears of dead Chechens(Citation: Russia/Chechnya: A Legacy of Abuse 1997)(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997).\n\nRussian servicemen brought bodies in a \"Ural\" truck to the Karpinsky cemetery in the west of Grozny from the checkpoints and from the filtration camps to which the occupiers took detained Chechens. Gravediggers laid them in fresh pits, three to five in each(Citation: \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435: \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f 1996). At the start of the war, the Russian army took some of the bodies to Rostov, a city in the south of Russia, to the refrigerator railcars of its 124th medical laboratory, and did not give them back to the families of the dead(Citation: \u0411\u0435\u0437\u044b\u043c\u044f\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043b\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044b 1997)(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997).\n\nOn 17 December 1994, Russian soldiers in armored personnel carriers shot up a column of cars with refugees from Grozny near the border with Russian-controlled Ingushetia and killed ten people. The occupiers took the bodies away, and the Russian police in Ingushetia found only one of them(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 31 December 1994, the occupiers detained two young Chechens in the basement of a hospital in Grozny, where they were hiding from the shelling. The parents of one of them later collected his body from a morgue in Moscow and buried him at home, while the relatives of the other had still not found him by 2015(Citation: \u00ab\u0425\u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e - \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c\u00bb: \u0414\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 2015). From December 1994 to May 1995, the occupiers detained 27 Chechens in Grozny and took them to the filtration camp in Mozdok, a town in Russian-controlled North Ossetia, and by April 1996 their bodies were brought back from there. Those whom the Russian escort shot or threw out of the vehicles on the way to Mozdok were buried unidentified by villagers, and relatives later found them by descriptions of the bodies and clothes(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997).\n\nOn 28 January 1995, soldiers of the Internal Troops of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs (predecessors of today's Rosgvardia) led two brothers, aged 18 and 21, under escort through their unit on Mayakovsky Street in Grozny, shot them and secretly buried them in the yard of a house on the grounds of the unit. On 2 April, when the unit had left, their father Khusein Khamidov found the grave from a neighbor's account, took the bodies out of the ground in the presence of a forensic doctor and buried his sons by his house(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997)(Citation: Hunt for War Dead Mired in Mistrust 1995). At the end of March 1995, criminal investigators from Moscow began opening the pits with bodies at the cemetery near the cannery in the Zavodskoy district of Grozny. Forensic doctors of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs recorded the cause of death as shooting, death by fire or knife wounds, and some of the bodies had no head(Citation: \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435: \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f 1996)(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997).\n\nOn 7 April 1995, the occupation troops stormed Samashki, a village in the west of Ichkeria. On 7 and 8 April, Russian servicemen went from house to house and killed Chechen civilians (see: \"Mass Killings of Civilians\"). The 1995 report of the Observer Mission of Russian human rights organizations says: \"Numerous accounts by witnesses have been recorded of the deliberate burning by Russian servicemen of the bodies of dead residents.\" The Mission named 13 people whose bodies the occupiers had burned. On the evening of 7 April, Russian soldiers killed Ali Sugaipov, Emin Nadyrov, Khamzat Kharkharoyev and his son Akhmed, and on the morning of 8 April fellow villagers found their burned bodies in one yard(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995). Russian tank crews wounded 62-year-old Dogu Tsatishayev, and soldiers shot him dead at point-blank range with an automatic rifle in house 93 on Sharipov Street, poured gasoline over the body and set it on fire(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995). On 20 April, Tamara Mutiyeva from Samashki told observers of the Russian human rights organization \"Memorial\" that Russian servicemen had killed and burned her half-sister. Andrei Blinushov, one of the observers, recorded in his diary: \"To this day the sister and mother of the murdered girl are collecting pieces of her bones in the ruins of the house\"(Citation: \u0422\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438. \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f. \u0410\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044c 1995. \u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 1995).\n\nOn 9 May 1995, soldiers of the 503rd regiment of the Russian army unlawfully detained at a checkpoint Ayub Domayev, Aslambek Suleimanov and Shamkhan Tashukhadzhiyev from Shali, a town southeast of Grozny, and killed all three (see: \"Killing of Prisoners and Detainees\"). Vladimir Yemelyanenko, a correspondent of the Moscow weekly Moskovskiye Novosti, told the public tribunal of the Russian Glasnost Foundation in Moscow on 21 February 1996 that the military did not let the relatives onto the grounds of the regiment and in answer to their questions \"said that no such people had passed through here\"(Citation: \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435: \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f 1996). On 3 June, the 503rd regiment left its camp in a field near Shali, and a conscript soldier who had fled the regiment showed the families where the soldiers had buried the three Chechens. Near the camp of the reconnaissance company, at a depth of two meters, the relatives found the bodies of Ayub Domayev and Aslambek Suleimanov. In another place in the field they dug up the car in which the three Chechens had been traveling, crushed by tank tracks. On 6 June, the body of Shamkhan Tashukhadzhiyev was found at the cemetery on the outskirts of Shali(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435: \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f 1996).\n\nIn September 1995, Chechen women from Grozny found by the fresh pits at the Karpinsky cemetery five green military shell boxes containing bones and ashes, and handed them over to the OSCE mission. According to the expert examination, one of the boxes contained the remains of people aged 20-23, burned, doused with sulfuric acid and broken into small pieces(Citation: \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435: \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f 1996). In early October 1995, the Czech journalist Petra Proch\u00e1zkov\u00e1 filmed at the Orthodox cemetery in Grozny pits with several dozen bodies, to which the occupiers brought new bodies at night in their vehicles, and reported this to the OSCE(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997).\n\nAt the end of February 1996, Russian servicemen killed the detained Sharip Batayev, a Chechen from Arshty, a village in Russian-controlled Ingushetia, and buried the body at a depth of 20 centimeters on a hillside below the trenches of the reconnaissance troops of the 693rd regiment of the Russian 58th Army. On 20 March, investigators from Ingushetia dug up the body, and on the same day it was buried according to Muslim custom(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). From 3 to 9 March 1996, Russian troops stormed Sernovodsk, a village in the west of Ichkeria, and burned the mosque there, to which on 4 March villagers had brought the bodies of Chechens killed by the occupiers in order to bury them later(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-96-044) 1996). On 11 March, women from Sernovodsk, whom the occupiers had let home for a few hours, found seven burned bodies by the burned-down mosque(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). During the assault on Sernovodsk, the crews of Russian helicopters wounded an elderly Chechen with rockets at the resort near the village where refugees lived, and the wounded man died on the threshold of his room. The occupiers searched the resort, and after that only burned remains were found where the body had been(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). On 20 March 1996, Russian soldiers who had landed from a helicopter near a dairy farm by Nagornoye, a village next to Grozny, shot detained unarmed Chechens there: two according to Human Rights Watch, five according to the Chechen women's committee. The killers cut off the ears of the dead and slit their stomachs with a knife(Citation: Russia/Chechnya: A Legacy of Abuse 1997)(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). On 12 May 1996, Russian troops captured Kharsenoy, a mountain village in the south of Ichkeria, and shot seven young Chechens from the village. Fellow villagers buried one of them, while the bodies of the other six the occupiers never gave back to the relatives(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). On 15 July 1996, in the northwestern suburb of Grozny, soldiers of the Internal Troops of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs from two armored personnel carriers shot unarmed people in passenger cars. The occupiers set fire to the cars with the bodies, and cut off the ears of some of the dead(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-96-139) 1996)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nThe 1997 report of Human Rights Watch says that from March 1995 to January 1997 the \"Victims of War\" society headed by Khusein Khamidov helped recover 926 bodies from mass graves in Ichkeria. Forensic doctors in Rostov established the names of 426 of them, and about 80 more mass graves had not been opened by January 1997(Citation: Russia/Chechnya: A Legacy of Abuse 1997).\n\nIn June 1996, the prosecutor's office of the administration installed by Russia in Grozny handed over to Russian prosecutors 342 cases on crimes of the occupiers, among them on cut-off ears and on bodies thrown from helicopters. Russian prosecutors returned more than half of the cases for further investigation, and closed or did not consider the rest (see: \"Impunity of Perpetrators\")(Citation: Russia/Chechnya: A Legacy of Abuse 1997). On 3 October 1996, a month after the peace agreements in Khasavyurt, Chernomyrdin, the chairman of the Russian government, and Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev, the acting president of Ichkeria, signed a statement in Moscow. Under it, Russia undertook to open access to burial sites for examination and excavation at Ichkeria's first request(Citation: \u0417\u0430\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 3 \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0435 1996). By mid-October 1996, Russian officials, contrary to the statement, were not letting the \"Victims of War\" society open the graves: they said they had no bodies, or demanded bribes(Citation: Russia/Chechnya: A Legacy of Abuse 1997).\n\nIn December 1997, several dozen bodies of Chechens, wrapped in blankets, still lay in the refrigerator railcars of the 124th laboratory of the Russian army in Rostov. A delegation of Ichkeria came to Rostov and asked for them back, but the laboratory staff did not return a single body(Citation: \u0411\u0435\u0437\u044b\u043c\u044f\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043b\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044b 1997). In 2019, Alexander Cherkasov of \"Memorial\" reported that several years earlier about a hundred unidentified remains from the time of the war had been taken out of the refrigerators of the 124th laboratory: some were sent to the Chechen Republic, others were buried under numbers in cemeteries in Moscow(Citation: \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0427\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041f\u0426 \u00ab\u041c\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u00bb: \u00ab\u041d\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u00bb 2019).\n\nIn 2014, Russian servicemen found in the Oktyabrsky district of Grozny a mass grave from the first war with the remains of more than 160 people and took them to Rostov for examination. According to the experts, apart from two Russian servicemen, those lying there were most likely civilian men, women and children. On 31 December 2016, the remains of 109 people from this grave were brought from Rostov to Grozny. Relatives identified two of them by genetic profiles and took them, while the other 107 were buried in two temporary mass graves at the cemetery near the village of Pobedinskoye outside Grozny, and the relatives received no lists of the dead(Citation: \u0412 \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0437\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0438 109 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0431\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0443 2017)(Citation: \u0416\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043e\u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0437 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043b\u044b 2017).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0045", "comment": "In the autumn of 1994, Russia attacked the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria under the name of a puppet opposition, and on 11 December 1994 the Russian army openly invaded the republic. The occupiers destroyed the museums, research institutes and ancient monuments of the Chechens.\n\nDuring the storming of Grozny, Russian artillerymen shelled, and pilots bombed, the center of the city, where the museums and research institutes of Ichkeria stood(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). Russian pilots fired rockets at ancient towers and settlements in the mountains in the south of Ichkeria(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). The occupiers occupied the ruins of museums and looted what had survived (see: \"Theft of Cultural Property\")(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). Russian troops burned almost the entire Central State Archive of the Chechen Republic and the republican libraries in Grozny (see: \"Burning of Books and Archives\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). Soldiers of the occupation troops destroyed mosques and leveled ancient burial mounds (see: \"Destruction of Shrines and Necropolises\")(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997).\n\nIn January 1995, Russian troops destroyed the Chechen National Museum in Grozny. The museum held about 320 thousand exhibits, among them archaeological finds of the ancient and medieval Caucasus, traditional Chechen clothing and old manuscripts(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). The museum's director Isa Adayev told the public tribunal of the Russian Glasnost Foundation in Prague in May 1996: \"From 1 to 4 January 1995, the museum building was shelled quite deliberately from several directions\". When the director got to the museum on 7 January, \"it was no longer a museum \u2014 nothing was left of it \u2014 only ruins\". On 18 January, Russian special forces seized the ruins(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). Khotin, deputy director of the museum center of the Russian Ministry of Culture, who inspected the ruins of the museum in late March 1995, told the public tribunal of the Glasnost Foundation in Moscow in February 1996: \"The nature of the destruction shows that barrage fire was used there. Next to the museum there is a small park of about 50 fairly old trees. Well, all those trees are cut in half. All of them!\"(Citation: \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435: \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f 1996).\n\nIn early 1995, the occupiers destroyed in Grozny the Research Institute of the Humanities of the Chechen Republic, founded in 1907(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). In 1995, Russian pilots fired rockets at and bombed Kogo-Maista, an old settlement in the mountains in the south of Ichkeria, far from the fighting. In the strikes, the occupiers destroyed six towers that had stood for thirteen centuries, killed the Chechen boy Deni Murtazov and wounded a woman of his family so badly that she became disabled(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997).\n\nThe human rights defenders of \"Memorial\" write that Russian troops destroyed or irreparably damaged in Grozny the university, the pedagogical and petroleum institutes, and the geological museum. In \"Memorial's\" assessment, Russian troops did not take the rescue of cultural property into account and inflicted irreparable damage on the culture of the Chechen people(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nIn August 1996, the Armed Forces of Ichkeria liberated Grozny from the occupiers, forcing Russia to the negotiating table(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999). On 31 August 1996, peace agreements were signed in Khasavyurt (see: \"Sham Treaties\")(Citation: \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0432\u044e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 1996). On 31 December 1996, the last Russian troops left the republic(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).", "score": 1, "showSubtechniques": true}, {"techniqueID": "T0027", "comment": "In the autumn of 1994, Russia attacked the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria under the name of a puppet opposition, and on 11 December 1994 the Russian army openly invaded the republic. Russia expelled human rights defenders from Ichkeria and squeezed out of the republic the international missions that were recording the crimes of the occupiers.\n\nOn 9 December 1994, two days before the open invasion, Russian prime minister Chernomyrdin, by resolution No. 1360, ordered officers of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and of the FSK (the predecessor of today's FSB) to expel from Ichkeria visitors whom they deemed a threat to security(Citation: \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2116 1360 \u041e\u0431 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 1994). Under this resolution, the occupiers expelled human rights defenders from the republic more than once(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nThe Russian military at checkpoints did not let human rights defenders, deputies of the Russian parliament or the Red Cross into the villages they were storming. When deputies and human rights defenders came to inspect the filtration camps, officers of the occupation forces did not let them talk to the detained Chechens(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nRussian politicians and commanders demanded many times the recall of Tim Guldimann, head of the mission of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), which had been working in Grozny since 24 April 1995(Citation: Supporting the Doves against the Hawks: Experiences of the OSCE Assistance Group to Chechnya 1998)(Citation: Russia/Chechnya: Report to the 1996 OSCE Review Conference 1996).\n\nOn 27 January 1995, the Russian Ministry of Defense did not allow Sergei Kovalyov, then Russia's human rights commissioner, to travel with an OSCE delegation to the filtration camp in Mozdok, a town in Russian-controlled North Ossetia. The members of the delegation saw Chechens there with marks of beatings (see: \"Torture and Abuse\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: Human Rights Watch World Report 1996: The Russian Federation 1996)(Citation: OSCE Group Reports Bilateral Rights Abuses 1995). On 26 March 1995, men of the Russian police special forces detained near Samashki, a village in the west of Ichkeria, participants of the anti-war \"Peace March\" from Russian civic and religious organizations, took them to Nazran, a town in Russian-controlled Ingushetia, to Assinovskaya, a stanitsa in the west of Ichkeria, and some to Moscow. On 11 April, the Russian military at the checkpoint did not let the marchers into Samashki(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995)(Citation: \u0422\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438. \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f. \u0410\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044c 1995. \u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 1995).\n\nOn 7 and 8 April 1995, the Internal Troops of Russia's Ministry of Internal Affairs (predecessors of today's Rosgvardia) stormed Samashki and killed 103 Chechen civilians (see: \"Mass Killings of Civilians\")(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995). From 8 April, the Russian military at the checkpoint near the village did not let into Samashki the observers of the human rights mission of Sergei Kovalyov, Russia's former human rights commissioner(Citation: \u0422\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438. \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f. \u0410\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044c 1995. \u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 1995)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 11 April, Boris Titenko and Anatoly Shabad, deputies of the Russian parliament, spent an hour persuading the commanders of the post to let them through. Andrei Blinushov, an observer of Memorial, recorded the answer in his diary: \"entry into Samashki requires the written permission of the commander of the grouping of MVD troops, Colonel General Kulikov\"(Citation: \u0422\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438. \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f. \u0410\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044c 1995. \u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 1995). On 12 April, the Russian military let the observers with the deputies into the village. On 13 April, Kulikov, commander of the occupation forces in Ichkeria, forbade letting into Samashki anyone not registered as a resident of the village, including human rights defenders(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nThe occupiers took the Chechen men detained in Samashki to the filtration camp in Mozdok (see: \"Filtration Camp System\"). On 19 April 1995, Andrei Blinushov and Yuly Rybakov, a deputy of the Russian parliament, came there for an inspection. The report of the human rights defenders' mission says: \"all the main documentation was unexpectedly removed from the point [the filtration camp] and the individual questioning of the detainees was cut short\". General Yegorov, who in April had replaced Kulikov at the head of the occupation forces, announced to both of them that the inspection was over(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995).\n\nOn 19-20 April 1995, Lebedev and Kharchenko, colonels of the occupation forces, denied that there were pits near Assinovskaya where people were being put, and did not let Valery Borshchev, a deputy of the Russian parliament, Sergei Kovalyov, head of the human rights mission, or Memorial staff see the Chechens detained there (see: \"Filtration Camp System\")(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995)(Citation: \u0422\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438. \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f. \u0410\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044c 1995. \u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 1995)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 26 May 1995, the occupiers, under resolution No. 1360, forcibly took two observers of the human rights mission, Alexander Lavut and Boris Smushkevich, from near Assinovskaya to Mozdok. In June, both observers were working in Grozny again(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 2 June, Kulikov, by this time again in command of the occupation forces, ordered M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res to withdraw its teams from Shatoy and Makhkety, villages in the south of Ichkeria, by six in the evening, and announced that for two months no charitable organization could appear in the south of the republic. The same day, both teams left these villages(Citation: War Crimes and Politics of Terror in Chechnya 1994-2004. MSF Speaks Out 2014)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 7 October 1995, unknown persons fired rockets at the building of the OSCE mission in Grozny, and the mayor of the city appointed by Russia demanded that the mission leave. The puppet government overturned the mayor's decision, but on 12 October the OSCE, because of the threat to its staff, temporarily reduced the mission from six people to two(Citation: OSCE voices concern on increasing tension in Chechnya (press release, Vienna, 11 October 1995) 1995)(Citation: OSCE Faces Problems In Chechnya 1996)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). In late October 1995, the occupiers at a checkpoint did not let two members of a British Christian community that opposes wars into Sernovodsk, a village in the west of Ichkeria. The members of the community drove into the village across a field(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997).\n\nFrom 3 to 9 March 1996, while the occupiers were storming Sernovodsk, Russian soldiers at the checkpoints did not let Alexander Guryanov, an observer of Memorial, come closer than 400 meters to the village(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). On 8 March, the Russian military at the checkpoint at the entrance to Sernovodsk fired on two deputies of the Russian parliament, and the commander of the checkpoint threatened to shoot them next time(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). On 10 March, the Russian military commandant of Sernovodsk forbade letting journalists, human rights defenders, foreigners and the Red Cross into the village, and the occupiers threatened to fire on the vehicles of the Red Cross and other humanitarian organizations if they were not moved away from the village(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). From 4 to 9 April, the occupiers did not let a delegation of the British Christian community into Sernovodsk and Samashki, although on 5 April Russian president Yeltsin had announced that international observers could travel freely around the republic(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997).\n\nOn 9 June 1996, the puppet government declared that Tim Guldimann had exceeded his authority when he held direct negotiations with the delegation of Ichkeria, and called the presence of the OSCE mission in the republic undesirable(Citation: RFE/RL Newsline, 10 June 1996 1996)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 24 June, Tikhomirov, commander of the occupation forces, accused the head of the mission at a press conference of taking the side of Ichkeria and of being capable of wrecking the ceasefire negotiations(Citation: Will Lebed Discipline Tikhomirov? 1996). In early August 1996, when the Armed Forces of Ichkeria attacked the occupiers in Grozny, Russian pilots hit the mission building with two rockets from helicopters. Four of its staff hid in the cellar for eight days and were unharmed(Citation: Supporting the Doves against the Hawks: Experiences of the OSCE Assistance Group to Chechnya 1998).\n\nA Human Rights Watch report of January 1997 says that Russian agencies repeatedly obstructed the International Committee of the Red Cross from visiting people detained on criminal charges in connection with the war, and demanded that the committee first obtain a judge's permission(Citation: Russia/Chechnya: A Legacy of Abuse 1997).\n\nIn August 1996, the Armed Forces of Ichkeria liberated Grozny from the occupiers, forcing Russia to the negotiating table(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999). On 31 August 1996, peace agreements were signed in Khasavyurt (see: \"Sham Treaties\")(Citation: \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0432\u044e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 1996). On 31 December 1996, the last Russian troops left the republic(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0023", "comment": "In the autumn of 1994, Russia attacked the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria under the name of a puppet opposition, and on 11 December 1994 the Russian army openly invaded the republic. The occupiers unlawfully detained Chechens and held them without charges in filtration camps and in pits at military units.\n\nOn 12 December 1994, the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs created filtration camps by directive No. 247. The ministry set them up in prison railcars in Mozdok, a town in Russian-controlled North Ossetia, in the prisons of Stavropol and Pyatigorsk, cities in the south of Russia, and in the building of a motor depot in Grozny(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u0423\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0435. \u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 1995).\n\nRussian servicemen together with police officers detained Chechens at checkpoints and during \"zachistki\" (\"sweeps\", as Russians called house searches and detentions of Chechens). In its detention orders, the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs most often referred to the decree of the president of Russia of 2 November 1993 No. 1815 \"On Measures to Prevent Vagrancy and Begging\"(Citation: \u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442 2 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 1993 \u0433. \u2116 1815 \u00ab\u041e \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0431\u0440\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u00bb 1993). The decree concerned vagrants, while most of the detained Chechens had their documents on them(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nBefore sending them to the camps, the occupiers held Chechens for several days in pits and prison vans at checkpoints and at their bases, in places with no official status(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). There were such pits in the 503rd and 506th regiments of the Russian army near Shali, a town southeast of Grozny(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). From February 1995, the occupiers brought Chechens to Assinovskaya, a stanitsa in the west of Ichkeria, and from there sent them to Mozdok(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nIn the camps, Russian guards beat and tortured detained Chechens during interrogations, including with electric current (see: \"Torture and Abuse\"). The guards did not treat the wounded(Citation: \u0423\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0435. \u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 1995). The occupiers did not let detained Chechens tell their relatives where they were. For their families, the people went missing (see: \"Abduction of People\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nThe Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs released most of the detained Chechens from the camps as innocent. From each of them the ministry took a signature saying they had no complaints(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nAccording to a certificate by Zlydenko, deputy head of Russia's prison service, from 11 December 1994 to 22 July 1995, 1,325 people passed through the camps in Mozdok and Grozny. The Ministry of Internal Affairs handed a hundred of them over to investigators (see: \"Manufacturing Criminals\"). The ministry gave another 141 people up for exchange for captured Russian servicemen (see: \"Hostage-Taking\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nDuring the storming of Grozny in early January 1995, the Russian troops of General Rokhlin detained men in the bomb shelters near the cannery, where they were hiding from the shelling, and took them to Mozdok(Citation: \u0423\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0435. \u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 1995). On 3 January, the guards carried more than 60 of them in the back of a single truck and killed at least eight on the way (see: \"Killing of Prisoners and Detainees\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 10 January, the Chechen Umar Kasayev died in the Pyatigorsk prison: the Ministry of Internal Affairs did not give him the medical care he needed(Citation: \u0423\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0435. \u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 1995).\n\nOn 7 April 1995, the Internal Troops of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs (predecessors of today's Rosgvardia) stormed Samashki, a village in the west of Ichkeria. Officers of the FSK (the predecessor of today's FSB) flew in to the Russian checkpoint near the village with lists of Chechens \"subject to filtration\"(Citation: \u0422\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438. \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f. \u0410\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044c 1995. \u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 1995)(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995). On 8 April, soldiers of the Internal Troops and of police special units from Orenburg and Moscow searched the houses of Samashki. By 10 April, the occupiers had unlawfully detained and taken out of the village more than 200 Chechen men aged 15 to 70, and the escort shot three of them dead on the way (see: \"Killing of Prisoners and Detainees\")(Citation: \u0422\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438. \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f. \u0410\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044c 1995. \u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 1995)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). Azman Ansarova from Samashki told the \"Memorial\" observers that when one of the detained men showed a soldier his passport, \"he took the document and tore it to shreds. 'I don't need your documents,' he says. 'You are Chechens \u2014 we are going to kill you'\u2026 Then they took our sons and drove them away\"(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995). The occupiers sent some of the men by helicopter to Mozdok and held others in pits and prison vans near Assinovskaya. On 5 August 1995, Khasan Rasuyev from Samashki told \"Memorial\" how the guards loaded the detainees into the back of a truck: \"And in stacks \u2014 into the back. In four layers, I think, one on top of another\"(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995). Near Assinovskaya, the Russian military released most of the men without certificates of detention, and from Mozdok, by 18 April, the Ministry of Internal Affairs had released 65 Chechens from Samashki as innocent and given 12 up for exchange(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995).\n\nIn April 1995, Russian servicemen took the brother of the Chechen woman Khaza Arsanukayeva from his home in Grozny at night, citing his residence registration in Kalmykia, a Russian-controlled republic by the Caspian Sea. The soldiers beat him at the headquarters of the occupation troops and took him to the filtration camp on the northeastern outskirts of the city, and a week later the guards released him: he could not walk(Citation: \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435: \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f 1996).\n\nOn 15 March 1996, at the checkpoint near Samashki, the occupiers picked out 91 Chechens from among those leaving the village before the assault and took them to the prisons of Pyatigorsk and Stavropol. Five weeks later, the Ministry of Internal Affairs released them without charges(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). In March 1996, soldiers of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs detained three Chechens at the checkpoint between Goity and Starye Atagi, villages south of Grozny, and on 7 April Russian servicemen took the Chechen Saidash Shamakhurov from Gikalovo, a village near Grozny. The Russians held all four in Khankala, the main base of the occupation troops on the eastern outskirts of Grozny, and exchanged them for their own captured soldiers (see: \"Hostage-Taking\")(Citation: Russia/Chechnya: A Legacy of Abuse 1997).\n\nIn its 1995 comments, the UN Human Rights Committee expressed concern at reports of torture, ill-treatment and arbitrary detention in filtration camps(Citation: Comments of the Human Rights Committee: Russian Federation (CCPR/C/79/Add.54) 1995). In early 1997, the human rights defenders of \"Memorial\" wrote that Russian agencies \"are not making substantial efforts to search for Chechens who were detained and went missing\"(Citation: \u041d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u043b\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b, 1994-1996: \u041f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a: \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0431\u0448\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 1997). \"Memorial\" published the accounts of detainees and lists of Chechens whom the Ministry of Internal Affairs held in the prisons of Pyatigorsk and Stavropol from January to February 1995(Citation: \u0423\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0435. \u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 1995).\n\nOn 10 June 1996, in Nazran, a town in Russian-controlled Ingushetia, Russia undertook before Ichkeria to close the filtration camps and the other places where it unlawfully held Chechens(Citation: Protocol of the Meeting of the Working Groups, Formed under the Negotiations Commissions, to Locate Missing Persons and to Free Forcibly Detained Persons 1996). In June, the Ministry of Internal Affairs closed the last camps(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). Russian courts convicted no one for creating the camps and for the unlawful detentions (see: \"Impunity of Perpetrators\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nIn August 1996, the Armed Forces of Ichkeria liberated Grozny from the occupiers, forcing Russia to the negotiating table(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999). On 31 August 1996, peace agreements were signed in Khasavyurt (see: \"Sham Treaties\")(Citation: \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0432\u044e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 1996). On 31 December 1996, the last Russian troops left the republic(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0099", "comment": "In the autumn of 1994, Russia attacked the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria under the name of a puppet opposition, and on 11 December 1994 the Russian army openly invaded the republic. The occupiers took peaceful Chechens hostage and released them in exchange for captured and killed Russian servicemen, weapons or money.\n\nRussian servicemen drew up lists of detained Chechens for exchange and put on them people who by their age could not have carried weapons(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). According to a certificate by the prison service of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs, from 11 December 1994 to 22 July 1995 the ministry handed over 141 prisoners of the filtration camps for exchange for captured Russian servicemen (see: \"Filtration Camp System\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nRussian police officers and soldiers promised to release a detained Chechen if his relatives brought money, a Russian soldier out of captivity or the body of a dead one(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). The occupiers used the hostages' relatives to find out where the Armed Forces of Ichkeria were holding captured Russians: the relatives searched for captives to rescue their own, while the Russian FSB collected information from them and on 29 July 1995 drew up a certificate on the places where Russian soldiers were being held(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u041d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u043b\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b, 1994-1996: \u041f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a: \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0431\u0448\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 1997).\n\nOn 9 January 1995, Russian servicemen detained Shamsu Magomadov in Grozny (see: \"Abduction of People\"). In the winter of 1995-1996, his sister Madina Magomadova sought her brother's exchange from Colonel Pilyugin of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs. She told \"Memorial\": \"They told me: 'Yes, your brother is alive, we will exchange him \u2014 find a soldier [a captured Russian soldier]'. I found a soldier \u2014 I went through all those mountains, villages, there is a war on, under fire I searched for a soldier \u2014 I found one, brought a photograph. They tell me: 'The soldier is a deserter, he is not subject to exchange\u2026' \u2026 'Go find an officer'. \u2026 I found an officer, brought a photograph of the officer... They tell me: sorry, Comrade Magomadova, your brother has been taken away from here, and where he is supposed to be, he has not been brought yet. We cannot find him\". The occupiers never released Shamsu Magomadov, and nothing is known of his fate(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nRussian servicemen and security services put up for exchange the captured relatives and guards of the president of Ichkeria. On 19 February 1995, the occupiers detained in Grozny Makharbi Dudayev, the president's younger brother, and on 6 April the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs put him up for exchange in Malye Atagi, a village south of Grozny, together with 16 prisoners of the filtration camps. The ministry exchanged the prisoners for a captured Russian major and released the president's brother separately(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u0417\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0417\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u00ab\u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430\u00bb \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1996)(Citation: \u0422\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438. \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f. \u0410\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044c 1995. \u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 1995). On the night of 28 May 1996, Russian border guards detained the widow of the president of Ichkeria with her bodyguard at the airport of Nalchik, the capital of Russian-controlled Kabardino-Balkaria, and the Russian FSB released the widow but exchanged the bodyguard for a captured Russian priest(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 2002)(Citation: Russia Detains Widow of Late Chechen Rebel Leader 1996).\n\nRussian soldiers and filtration camp guards demanded ransom for detained Chechens. In late March 1995, the guards of the military unit near Assinovskaya, a stanitsa in the west of Ichkeria, asked detained Chechens who would pay more to get out(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). In April 1995, the guards of the filtration camp on the northeastern outskirts of Grozny received five million rubles for the release of a detained Chechen(Citation: \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435: \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f 1996). On 15 May 1995, Russian soldiers put a detained Chechen from Shali, a town southeast of Grozny, into a pit at their unit, offered to let him out for money and released him after 18 hours(Citation: \u0423\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0435. \u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 1995). In December 1995, Russian servicemen detained five elderly Chechens at a checkpoint, and their relatives ransomed them from a filtration camp for ten million rubles(Citation: \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435: \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f 1996). On 17 April 1996, Russian soldiers detained a Chechen woman with her two brothers at the entrance to Grozny and demanded three million rubles for them, and in the evening released all three, and the brother gave them the money(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). On 18 April, Russian servicemen took six Chechens from their homes in Novye Aldy, a settlement on the southwestern outskirts of Grozny, and their relatives ransomed them from the filtration camp at the city motor depot(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997).\n\nThe Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs and the command of the occupation troops demanded captured Russian servicemen, their bodies and weapons for detained Chechens. In March 1996, officers of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs demanded that the female relatives of a Chechen, held since January in the filtration camp in Grozny, dig up and bring the bodies of three officers of a Russian police special unit, and in late March, having received the bodies, released him(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). In March 1996, soldiers of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs detained three Chechens at the checkpoint between Goity and Starye Atagi, villages south of Grozny, and on 28 March the occupiers exchanged them for five Russian soldiers(Citation: Russia/Chechnya: A Legacy of Abuse 1997). On 7 April 1996, Russian servicemen took Saidash Shamakhurov from Gikalovo, a village south of Grozny, to Khankala, the main base of the occupation troops on the eastern outskirts of Grozny, where investigators demanded that he record on tape his request to be exchanged for 15 captured Russian soldiers and 48 construction workers. On 27 April, the occupiers exchanged him for a Russian soldier(Citation: Russia/Chechnya: A Legacy of Abuse 1997). In May 1996, soldiers of the Internal Troops of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs (predecessors of today's Rosgvardia) detained in the center of Grozny 17 to 20 Chechens who were repairing heating pipes and demanded during interrogation that their relatives bring weapons or captured Russian servicemen for them. The next evening the guards let them go(Citation: Russia/Chechnya: A Legacy of Abuse 1997).\n\nRussian soldiers took hostages during assaults and when encircled. On 7 April 1995, during the storming of Samashki, a village in the west of Ichkeria, the occupiers took four Chechen men hostage, drove them into a pit in a garage and fired at them with assault rifles. One the occupiers killed on the spot, the wounded second one the next day; two survived (see: \"Mass Killings of Civilians\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 10-12 August 1996, soldiers of the Internal Troops of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs, encircled by the Armed Forces of Ichkeria, held about 500 patients, their relatives and medics hostage in City Hospital No. 9 in Grozny. On 12 August, the occupiers left the hospital, taking a hundred hostages as a human shield, and released them near the former driving school where Russian units were stationed, once the defenders had handed over four captured Russian soldiers (see: \"Use of People as \u201cHuman Shields\u201d\")(Citation: \u0417\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0417\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u00ab\u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430\u00bb \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1996)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 11 and 12 August 1996, when the Armed Forces of Ichkeria were liberating Grozny from the occupiers, soldiers of the 101st Brigade of the Internal Troops of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs took Chechen men from the blocks around the \"15th Gorodok\", their base on Lenin Street, and held them there as hostages. On 14 October 1996, Magomed Taramov told \"Memorial\" how on 12 August Russian servicemen took him from his home together with his son Alimkhan: \"We are no 'boyeviki' [as Russians called the Armed Forces of Ichkeria], we took no part in the armed actions. They led us out into the street, and there by the wall stood another nine or so people... In all, about twenty-four of us were gathered\". For the release of the hostages, the brigade's officers demanded that relatives bring wounded soldiers from the encircled Russian checkpoints and the bodies of the dead, or get the army of Ichkeria to let food through to those posts. Garib Asiyalov, whom the hostages' female relatives called to the talks at the \"15th Gorodok\", in October told \"Memorial\" the words of a Russian officer: \"\u2026I answer to Kulikov [the head of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs]. We will trade head for head \u2014 our wounded or dead one for your living one\". According to him, for the wounded and dead soldiers whom the relatives brought by truck, the brigade released 32 hostages(Citation: \u0417\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0417\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u00ab\u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430\u00bb \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1996). On 16 August, when relatives brought the bodies of eight Russian servicemen to the base, the occupiers released Magomed and Alimkhan Taramov(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 17 August 1996, soldiers of the 101st Brigade searched the blocks near the \"15th Gorodok\" and took Chechen men from there to the base as hostages. The brigade's officers promised to release them for the bodies of Russian soldiers buried near the bus station and the chemical plant, and on 19 August, when Russian soldiers brought 28 bodies out through the positions of the Armed Forces of Ichkeria, they released the hostages. The human rights defenders of \"Memorial\" published the names of twelve of them(Citation: \u0417\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0417\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u00ab\u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430\u00bb \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1996) and write that at the \"15th Gorodok\" and in City Hospital No. 9 in Grozny the soldiers of the Internal Troops took hostages on the direct orders of the commanders of their units(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nIn his report of 26 March 1996, the UN Secretary-General cited reports by human rights organizations: Russian troops often detained any Chechen man, whether there was evidence against him or not, in order to exchange him for captured Russian soldiers(Citation: The situation of human rights in the Republic of Chechnya of the Russian Federation. Report of the Secretary-General (E/CN.4/1996/13) 1996). The human rights defenders of \"Memorial\" write that Russian agencies repeatedly used civilian prisoners of the filtration camps as hostages and in most cases offered Ichkeria in exchange Chechens who had not taken part in the fighting. In \"Memorial's\" conclusion, hostage-taking became a regular practice for the Russian military(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nRussian prosecutors put none of the occupiers who took hostages in Hospital No. 9 and at the \"15th Gorodok\" in Grozny on trial (see: \"Impunity of Perpetrators\")(Citation: Russia/Chechnya: A Legacy of Abuse 1997)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nIn August 1996, the Armed Forces of Ichkeria liberated Grozny from the occupiers, forcing Russia to the negotiating table(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999). On 31 August 1996, peace agreements were signed in Khasavyurt (see: \"Sham Treaties\")(Citation: \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0432\u044e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 1996). On 31 December 1996, the last Russian troops left the republic(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0007", "comment": "test", "showSubtechniques": true}, {"techniqueID": "T0168", "comment": "In the autumn of 1994, Russia attacked the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria under the name of a puppet opposition, and on 11 December 1994 the Russian army openly invaded the republic. Throughout the war, Moscow shielded its soldiers, police officers and commanders of the occupation troops from responsibility for crimes against Chechens.\n\nIn Ichkeria, Shkirko, commander of the Internal Troops of the Russian Interior Ministry (MVD; predecessors of today's Rosgvardia), went by the surname \"Shirokov\", and Lvov, chief of their staff, by \"General Yagodin\". Romanov and Labunets, deputy commanders of the occupation troops, were called \"Antonov\" and \"Alekseyev\"(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u0422\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438. \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f. \u0410\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044c 1995. \u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 1995).\n\nMilitary prosecutors closed cases about people whom Russian soldiers had shot dead in cars at checkpoints, citing Articles 23 and 27 of the Russian law on the Internal Troops of the MVD(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 17 December 1994, the Russian military shot up a column of refugees from Grozny near the stanitsa of Nesterovskaya in Russian-controlled Ingushetia. Russian prosecutors suspended the case without finding those responsible(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 3 January 1995, Russian pilots bombed Arshty, a village in Ingushetia inhabited mostly by Chechens (see: \"Collective Punishment\"), and in a second bombing, on 18 April, killed three women there. Russian prosecutors closed both cases, finding no crime(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 14 January 1995, Lobov, secretary of the Russian Security Council, said that a special commission should establish the truth about the bombings of Grozny. Russia created no such commission(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 24 January 1995, the two sons of Khusein Khamidov disappeared in Grozny. On 2 April, the father dug up a pit in the yard of a house on Mayakovsky Street, where a unit of the Internal Troops of the Russian MVD had previously been stationed, and found their bodies (see: \"Killing of Prisoners and Detainees\"). The prosecutor's office of the puppet government opened a case and gathered evidence. Russian military prosecutors suspended it without finding those responsible(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 24 April 1996, Khusein Khamidov, who had been searching for missing people in Ichkeria since January 1995, told the public tribunal of the Russian Glasnost Foundation in Moscow: \"There is not a single case that has been investigated and brought to court\u2026 when you hand them documents, hand them a statement about some crime that was committed, they say: 'You tell us who did it, soldiers of the Russian regular army, or of SOBR [the police special forces], or of the MVD'\u2026 But who knows who committed the crime \u2014 their uniform is one and the same. And on that basis they refuse us\"(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997).\n\nRussian courts gave Polivtsev, a captain of the 81st regiment of the Internal Troops of the Russian MVD, four years for the murder of four Chechens in Grozny on 25 January 1995(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 7-8 April 1995, the Russian Internal Troops stormed Samashki, a village in the west of Ichkeria, and killed 103 Chechen civilians (see: \"Mass Killings of Civilians\"). On 12 April, a colonel of the Russian MVD at a post near the village introduced himself to human rights defenders as Oblomov, although the surname \"Yelansky\" was written on the strap of his assault rifle. On 19 April, the Russian prosecutor Dzhapov told Andrei Blinushov, an observer of the Russian human rights organization Memorial, that he did not know how to hold the fighters of the MVD special units to account. The observer wrote in his diary, from the prosecutor's words: \"the MVD special units leaving Chechnya destroy all their documentation concerning their actions on the territory of this republic. These units often act in masks, without any insignia on their uniforms, and all the officers use two or three pseudonyms instead of their real surnames\"(Citation: \u0422\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438. \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f. \u0410\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044c 1995. \u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 1995). On 27 April, Ilyushenko, acting prosecutor general of Russia, opened a case on the killings and arson in the village(Citation: \u0422\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438. \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f. \u0410\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044c 1995. \u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 1995). In mid-May, Russian military investigators questioned some of the victims and witnesses, but did not open the graves and never came to Samashki again. On 14 January 1997, the prosecutors closed the case. On 21 November 1997, Smirnov, deputy chief military prosecutor of Russia, named the reason to Memorial: \"the servicemen acted in a state of extreme necessity and necessary defense\"(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nThe Russian serviceman Vershinin received three years from a court for shooting dead the boy Zelimkhan Dediyev on 17 April 1995 in the stanitsa of Petropavlovskaya northeast of Grozny(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 14 June 1995, the Prosecutor General's Office of Russia, by directive No. 15-6-95, ordered the prosecutor of the puppet government in Grozny to hand cases of crimes by Russian soldiers over to Russian military prosecutors only if the facts had been established beyond dispute. On 4 July 1996, that government's prosecutor wrote to Skuratov, prosecutor general of Russia, that Russian prosecutors had returned 112 cases to him without investigation, having found no indisputable proof of guilt in them. The letter says that unnamed commanders ordered that investigators not be let into military units and onto checkpoints(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). The soldiers Korovin, Shulin and Petrov received 14, six and three years for killing two Chechens on the night of 7 July 1995 in the settlement of Rodina near their unit(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-96-158) 1996)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). The Russian military did not let into their units the investigators of the puppet prosecutor's office who were investigating the murder of seven Chechens of the Chapanov family in the village of Prigorodnoye near Grozny on 7 July 1995. In January 1996, the puppet prosecutor's office suspended the case(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 17 December 1996, a court gave Permyakov, a fighter of the Russian police special forces, a suspended sentence of a year and a half for the \"negligent killing\" of Zaurbek Uzuyev, whom he had shot dead at a checkpoint on 8 September 1995 during a rally for the independence of Ichkeria(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). Military prosecutors suspended the case on the bombing of Roshni-Chu, a village southwest of Grozny, in October 1995(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nMilitary prosecutors closed the case on the murder of Sharip Batayev, a Chechen from Arshty, whom scouts of the 693rd regiment of the Russian 58th Army shot dead at the end of February 1996. According to the prosecutors' version, the commander of the scouts was defending himself(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). In the spring of 1996, Russian prosecutors opened no criminal case on how the occupiers in March had burned Sernovodsk and destroyed Samashki, villages in the west of Ichkeria(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). On 30 June 1996, the military prosecutor Saprunov wrote to the prosecutor's office of the puppet government that the occupiers had beaten, on the way to Pyatigorsk, a town in southern Russia, half of the 91 Chechens from Samashki whom the Russian military had unlawfully detained on 15 March (see: \"Torture and Abuse\")(Citation: Russia/Chechnya: A Legacy of Abuse 1997)(Citation: Russia/Chechnya: Report to the 1996 OSCE Review Conference 1996). In March 1997, Russian prosecutors suspended the case without finding those responsible: those who made the detentions had been \"wearing masks on their faces, so their identification is impossible\"(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 10 December 1996, Sinitsyn, a prosecutor of the Chief Military Prosecutor's Office of Russia, replied to Memorial's request to investigate how soldiers of the Internal Troops of the Russian MVD had shielded themselves with civilians in Samashki in March 1996 and with the patients of Grozny City Hospital No. 9 in August 1996 (see: \"Use of People as \u201cHuman Shields\u201d\"). Sinitsyn wrote that he had forwarded the human rights defenders' report to the prosecutors of the North Caucasus so that it could be attached to the press reports(Citation: Russia/Chechnya: A Legacy of Abuse 1997), and on 21 November 1997 Smirnov, deputy chief military prosecutor, replied that in Samashki people had been hiding behind armored vehicles from the shelling(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). Military prosecutors suspended the cases on the bombings of Katyr-Yurt and Shalazhi, villages southwest of Grozny, in March and April 1996 (see: \"Indiscriminate Attacks\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). Shevchenko, prosecutor of the occupation troops, without visiting the scene, stated that the soldiers of the Internal Troops of the Russian MVD who on 15 July 1996 had shot dead unarmed people in passenger cars on the outskirts of Grozny had used their weapons correctly(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-96-139) 1996)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). In mid-July 1996, Russian soldiers held without charges two Chechens from the Vedeno district in the southeast of Ichkeria in an army cell in Khankala, the main base of the occupation troops on the eastern outskirts of Grozny, and released them at the demand of military prosecutors. The prosecutor's office of the occupation troops recognized only this detention as unlawful, but opened no case, because the culprit, the commandant of Khankala, had died in the fighting in August 1996(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 8 August 1996, the Chief Military Prosecutor's Office of Russia replied to Yuli Rybakov, a deputy of the Russian parliament, that since 11 December 1994 prosecutors had opened 129 cases on crimes by the occupiers against civilians in Ichkeria. Of these, prosecutors had sent 21 cases to the courts, closed 21, left 26 unfinished and suspended 61 - 48 because they had not found those responsible, and 13 because they did not know where the accused were(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 29 September 1997, the Directorate of Military Courts of Russia replied to Memorial's inquiry that over the whole war the courts had convicted 18 soldiers and officers, seven of them for murder(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 26 July 1995, the UN Human Rights Committee expressed regret that no one had been held accountable for the ill-treatment of prisoners and detainees in Ichkeria(Citation: Comments of the Human Rights Committee: Russian Federation (CCPR/C/79/Add.54) 1995). The Human Rights Watch report of January 1997 says that Russia systematically violated human rights and just as systematically failed to hold those responsible to account(Citation: Russia/Chechnya: A Legacy of Abuse 1997). Human rights defenders of Memorial write that over the whole war Russia held not a single senior commander to account. According to their data, Russian courts convicted no one for the bombings of the villages and towns of Ichkeria, the filtration camps, torture, hostage-taking and human shields(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nAccording to Human Rights Watch, at the peace talks in August 1996 the Russian delegation objected to discussing responsibility for crimes(Citation: Russia/Chechnya: A Legacy of Abuse 1997). After the peace agreements in Khasavyurt on 31 August 1996 (see: \"Sham Treaties\")(Citation: \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0432\u044e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 1996), Russia moved the prosecutor's office of the occupation troops to Russian-controlled Dagestan. Human rights defenders of Memorial write that after this the prosecutors almost stopped investigating crimes by Russian servicemen and police officers(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 12 March 1997, deputies in Moscow, by resolution No. 1199-II, declared an amnesty for crimes connected with the war in Ichkeria(Citation: \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0414\u0443\u043c\u044b \u043e\u0442 12 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 1997 \u0433. \u2116 1199-II \u0413\u0414 \u00ab\u041e\u0431 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0446, \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0435\u00bb 1997). Under this amnesty, Russian prosecutors terminated unfinished cases on crimes by the occupiers(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0165", "comment": "In the autumn of 1994, Russia attacked the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria under the name of a puppet opposition, and on 11 December 1994 the Russian army openly invaded the republic. Russian troops bombed and shelled the towns of Ichkeria without distinguishing residential houses from military targets(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nRussian aircraft dropped unguided bombs and cluster bombs filled with steel balls or needles on Ichkeria(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). The crews of Russian helicopters fired unguided rockets at towns and villages(Citation: \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435: \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f 1996)(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). The occupation troops shelled residential districts with tube artillery, mortars and the Grad and Uragan multiple rocket launchers, which cannot fire with precision(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). In Grozny, the capital of Ichkeria, the Russian military hit residential houses with people inside with depth charges, the kind used to sink submarines. Such a bomb pierces a dozen concrete floors and explodes inside the house(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nThe occupiers shelled markets and hospitals(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). Russian troops bombed villages before a storming, after capture and during \"ceasefires\" with Ichkeria (see: \"Sham Ceasefire\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nRussian pilots bombed and artillerymen shelled the towns and villages of Ichkeria throughout the war, from September 1994 to August 1996. On 2 September 1994 Russian pilots struck three villages twenty kilometers from Grozny with rockets(Citation: Russia Confronts Chechnya: Roots of a Separatist Conflict 1998)(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-94-172) 1994). On 23 November pilots fired at a poultry farm in Shali and wounded seven Chechen civilians(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-94-227) 1994). On 25 November pilots struck the Grozny airport and the residential houses next to it and, according to different sources, killed three or six people(Citation: \u0424\u0421\u0411 \u0432\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e 2002)(Citation: Chechnya - Airport Attacked 1994). On 26 November, while Russian tank crews were storming Grozny, pilots fired at the city. According to the Chechenpress agency, the tank crews and pilots killed from 25 to 39 civilians(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-94-228) 1994)(Citation: \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0414\u0436\u043e\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u0414\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0430 1994)(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-94-197) 1994). On 29 November pilots fired rockets at the airport and the center of Grozny and, according to the Department of State Security of Ichkeria, killed 14 people(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-94-230) 1994)(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-94-229) 1994). On 30 November Russian aircraft bombed Grozny twice and, according to an adviser to the president of Ichkeria, killed up to 80 people(Citation: \u0424\u0421\u0411 \u0432\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e 2002)(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-94-231) 1994). On 3 December 1994 a Russian pilot dropped a bomb on a five-story residential building in Argun, a town to the east of Grozny, but the bomb pierced the wall and did not explode(Citation: \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435: \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f 1996). On 12 December Russian pilots in helicopters and aircraft bombed the residential districts of Dolinsky, a settlement to the northwest of Grozny(Citation: \u0425\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 2026)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 13 December pilots fired at four cars with refugees near the village of Novy Sharoy in the west of Ichkeria and killed three refugees(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435: \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f 1996).\n\nFrom 18 December 1994 Russian aircraft bombed Grozny, and from 19 December until the storming on 31 December they did so every day(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). Deinekin, the commander of the Russian military aviation, said in an interview with the newspaper Moskovsky Komsomolets on 21 March 1995 that until 29 December, because of bad weather, the pilots could not use laser- or television-guided bombs and missiles over the city. Russian pilots dropped unguided bombs on the city through the clouds from a height of five to seven kilometers when, in the commander's words, \"the ground could not be seen at all\"(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). In January and February 1995 Russian troops shelled the residential districts of Grozny with tube artillery and multiple rocket launchers, and pilots bombed the city. Andrei Mironov, a Russian human rights defender who lived in Grozny for three months, told the public tribunal of the Russian Glasnost foundation in Moscow in February 1996: \"And then the shelling ends, you walk out of the house and see: corpses here, corpses there. Old people lying. Next to them a sled, on the sled a canister of water.\" About the needles with which the occupiers filled shells and bombs, the human rights defender told the tribunal: \"All of Grozny was strewn with them. These elements are good only for hitting unprotected people\"(Citation: \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435: \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f 1996). The human rights defenders of Memorial write that Russian pilots knowingly bombed Grozny without aiming and that such strikes inevitably killed many townspeople. By the estimate of the Observer Mission of Russian human rights organizations, from December 1994 to March 1995 the occupiers killed 25,000-29,000 civilians in the city (see: \"Mass Killings of Civilians\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn the night of 21 December 1994 Russian artillerymen hit a house in Novoartyomovo, a village near Grozny, with a shell and killed five children. Two more Chechen girls from this house died of their wounds in hospital(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 24 December, 19 unidentified bodies of townspeople killed by Russian pilots lay in the morgue of the Central Republican Hospital of Grozny(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). From 26 to 28 December 1994 Russian aircraft bombed about 40 villages(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 29 December the bodies of two children, two women and four more people, whom Russian artillerymen had killed while shelling the outskirts of Grozny, were brought to the morgue of the Central Republican Hospital(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 3 January 1995 Russian pilots fired at a bus stop near Starye Atagi, a village to the south of Grozny, and killed the driver of a truck standing nearby and several more people there(Citation: Russia: Three Months of War in Chechnya 1995). On that day Russian aircraft dropped cluster bombs on the bazaar, the hospital and the car market of Shali(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435: \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f 1996). By the count of the human rights defender Andrei Mironov, with one bomb at the car market the pilots killed from 130 to 160 people(Citation: \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435: \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f 1996). On 31 January artillerymen shelled Samashki and killed four people on Chapayev Street. On 2 February artillerymen hit one yard on this street with a mortar and killed a woman and a 14-year-old girl in the morning, and three people at a funeral in the afternoon(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995). On 11 or 12 March 1995 pilots bombed Mozdokskaya Street in Shali and destroyed 68 houses on it(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 22-23 March the crew of a Russian helicopter fired at a truck with refugees near the village of Mesker-Yurt near Shali and killed the driver and a passenger(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 26 March the crews of six Russian helicopters fired rockets at Samashki and seriously wounded four people(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995). On 6 April artillerymen shelled Niki-Khita, a mountain village in the southeast of Ichkeria, with Grad rockets and missiles and killed two Chechen children(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: Extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions. Report by the Special Rapporteur, Bacre Waly Ndiaye (E/CN.4/1996/4) 1996). On 24 April 1995 pilots bombed Nozhai-Yurt, a village in the southeast of the republic where there were no fighters of the army of Ichkeria, and killed four Chechens(Citation: Extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions. Report by the Special Rapporteur, Bacre Waly Ndiaye (E/CN.4/1996/4) 1996)(Citation: Russia: Partisan War in Chechnya on the Eve of the World War II Commemoration 1995). According to the international organization M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res, in the 15 days before 27 May 1995, 74 people wounded by Russian pilots were brought to the hospital of Shatoy, a mountain village in the south of Ichkeria(Citation: War Crimes and Politics of Terror in Chechnya 1994-2004. MSF Speaks Out 2014). On 8 October 1995 Russian pilots bombed Roshni-Chu, a village to the southwest of Grozny, and, according to the villagers, killed 28 people - Chechen civilians and fighters of the army of Ichkeria(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-95-199) 1995)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). From 14 to 20 December 1995 Russian troops shelled and bombed the residential districts, hospitals and mosque of Gudermes, the second-largest town of Ichkeria(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). Shkirko, the commander of the occupation troops, named 267 civilians killed in Gudermes(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: Caught in the Crossfire: Civilians in Gudermes and Pervomayskoye 1996).\n\nFrom 11 to 20 February 1996 Russian troops shelled Novogroznensky, a settlement in the east of Ichkeria, and, according to the Agence France-Presse agency, killed at least 50 Chechen civilians(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). Jarom\u00edr \u0160t\u011btina, a correspondent of the Czech agency Epicentrum, asked Tikhomirov, the commander of the occupation army, at a press conference whether the general knew about the civilians in the settlement. The commander answered the journalist: \"We cannot establish the difference between a militant [this is what the Russians called the fighters of the Armed Forces of Ichkeria] and a civilian resident\"(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). Until the first days of March 1996 artillerymen destroyed the villages of Alleroy and Tsentoroy, to which the defenders of the settlement had been forced to retreat, and continued the shelling after the defenders had left them. The artillerymen killed Chechen civilians in these villages(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). From 3 to 9 March artillerymen shelled Sernovodsk, a village in the west of Ichkeria, and killed at least 45 civilians(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). From 6 to 8 March, when the Armed Forces of Ichkeria liberated most of Grozny, Russian troops shelled the residential districts of the city, and after the defenders left, its southern districts for several more days. According to the Russian military prosecutor's office, 250 civilians died in Grozny on 6-11 March(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn the night of 14 March 1996 Russian troops surrounded Samashki, a village in the west of Ichkeria where about 12,000 people lived. On 15 March the Russian military gave the Chechens in the village two hours to leave before the storming, and about half of them did not manage to get out (see: \"Sham Corridor\"). At 10:16 Russian troops began shelling Samashki from armored personnel carriers, tanks, tube artillery and mortars, and from helicopters and aircraft, while the Chechens who remained in the village hid in cellars(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). Viktor Kurochkin, a deputy of the Russian parliament, told the Glasnost tribunal in Moscow on 24 April 1996: \"Eight or ten 'Uragans' [multiple rocket launchers] were working there \u2014 and that is the most terrible weapon for populated areas\"(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). The human rights defender Andrei Mironov was in Sleptsovskaya, a stanitsa in Russian-controlled Ingushetia, on 17 March, and told the tribunal on 20 April: \"I counted the explosions. At first it was one explosion per second, then more. The village was shelled for about six days. Of those, roughly five days \u2014 one explosion per second or slightly more often (1-2 explosions per second), that is, no fewer than 70 thousand shells a day\"(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). By 19 March, when Russian troops opened a way out of the encirclement, the occupiers had destroyed almost all the houses in Samashki(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). Sources differ on the number of Chechen civilians the occupiers killed in the village during the storming: 35 according to the villagers' list(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010) or about 600 according to a doctor who treated people in Samashki(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999)(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997).\n\nOn 28 March 1996 a Russian pilot dropped two bombs on Katyr-Yurt, a village to the southwest of Grozny, and killed nine people from the Khazhgiriyev family, among them two pregnant women and four children(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). On 3 and 4 April 1996 pilots bombed Shalazhi, a village to the southwest of Grozny, and killed three Chechens(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). On 25 April 1996 pilots bombed Shali, surrounded by Russian troops, where about 50 thousand civilians remained(Citation: CHECHEN REPUBLIC - RUSSIAN FEDERATION: Civilians under Russian bombardment - continued fear for safety of civilians in Shali (EUR 46/24/96) 1996). The pilots killed Chechen civilians and wounded, according to the head of the Shali district speaking to the Interfax agency, 29 people(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On that day Russian aircraft bombed Chishki, a mountain village to the south of Grozny, and killed one Chechen woman(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 7 May the crews of five Russian helicopters struck Urus-Martan, a town to the southwest of Grozny, and killed five Chechens at the market(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: RFE/RL Newsline, 9 May 1996 1996). On 10 and 12 May helicopter crews fired at the town again and killed one person each time(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997).\n\nIn July 1996 Russian troops shelled and bombed Gekhi, a village to the southwest of Grozny, and, according to the newspaper Izvestia, killed 19 Chechen civilians(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-96-139) 1996). Artillerymen shelled Makhkety, a mountain village of the Vedeno district in the southeast of Ichkeria, with Grad and Uragan rockets and by 15 July had killed 25 Chechen civilians there(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999)(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-96-139) 1996). On 15 July the crews of seven Russian helicopters destroyed six houses in Starye Atagi with missiles (see: \"Collective Punishment\")(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999)(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-96-137) 1996). In July 1996, while shelling Dargo, Belgatoy, Vedeno and other villages of the Vedeno district, Russian troops killed at least 30 Chechens(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999). From 20 July until the first days of August 1996 Russian pilots continuously bombed the villages of five districts in the south of the republic(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nIn August 1996, when the army of Ichkeria attacked the occupiers in Grozny, Russian pilots bombed the city although low clouds prevented them from aiming(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). According to journalists' estimates, from 6 to 22 August 1996 the occupiers killed about 2,000 civilian townspeople in Grozny. Human rights defenders of Memorial write that no one kept an exact count(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 7 August pilots destroyed the surgical department of City Hospital No. 4 and killed seven medical workers(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 14 August the crew of a Russian helicopter five kilometers from Grozny fired at cars with civilians and killed at least four people, among them two children(Citation: RUSSIAN FEDERATION - CHECHEN REPUBLIC: Civilians trapped in Grozny (EXTRA 127/96, EUR 46/36/96) 1996). On that day Russian pilots bombed Komsomolskoye, a village to the northeast of Grozny, and killed nine Chechens(Citation: RUSSIAN FEDERATION - CHECHEN REPUBLIC: Civilians under bombardment in Komsomolskoye (EUR 46/37/96) 1996). On 17 August 1996 soldiers of the 101st Brigade of the Internal Troops of the Russian MVD (predecessors of today's Rosgvardia) fired with assault rifles, the machine guns of armored vehicles and mortars at the residential houses near the \"15th Gorodok\", their base in Grozny, and killed four people(Citation: \u0417\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0417\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u00ab\u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430\u00bb \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1996). From 19 to 21 August Russian artillerymen shelled Chernorechye, the southern district of the city(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010), Griboyedov Street(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010) and Minutka Square(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999) in Grozny, and on 20 August fired 60 Grad rockets at the city(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999). In Chernorechye on 19 August artillerymen killed an elderly woman(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 21 August pilots dropped incendiary bombs from a great height on the five-story buildings on Saikhanov and Ulyanov Streets, where there were no fighters of the army of Ichkeria(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). The buildings burned out from the inside, while the people who were hiding in the cellars survived(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nThe human rights defenders of Memorial write that firing without distinguishing targets was one of the main features of the actions of the Russian military throughout the war and that civilians suffered most from the bombing and shelling(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 25 January 1996 the UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial executions wrote in a report to the UN Commission on Human Rights that the Russian military had killed thousands of citizens of Ichkeria, including when they deliberately and indiscriminately shelled residential districts with heavy weapons and bombed them(Citation: Extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions. Report by the Special Rapporteur, Bacre Waly Ndiaye (E/CN.4/1996/4) 1996). It is unknown how many such crimes the occupation troops committed from September 1994 to August 1996.\n\nIn August 1996, the Armed Forces of Ichkeria liberated Grozny from the occupiers, forcing Russia to the negotiating table(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999). On 31 August 1996, peace agreements were signed in Khasavyurt (see: \"Sham Treaties\")(Citation: \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0432\u044e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 1996). On 31 December 1996, the last Russian troops left the republic(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0025", "comment": "In the autumn of 1994, Russia attacked the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria under the name of a puppet opposition, and on 11 December 1994 the Russian army openly invaded the republic. The occupiers bombed Chechen television, jammed journalists' satellite links and kept them away from the sites of their strikes.\n\nCommanders of the occupation forces ordered that journalists not be let into the sites of assaults and bombings. The Russian military and police at checkpoints did not let journalists, including those with accreditation from the Russian government, into the villages and towns that Russian troops were striking (see: \"Censorship\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). Human rights defenders of the American Committee to Protect Journalists write that Russian troops in Ichkeria jammed journalists' satellite transmissions, exposed their film and destroyed their equipment(Citation: Attacks on the Press in 1996: Russia 1997).\n\nOn 29 November 1994, Russia announced that at 2 p.m. it would cut off all communications with Ichkeria(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-94-229) 1994). From 21 to 24 December, Russian pilots struck the television center in Grozny. Deinekin, commander of Russian military aviation, named the aim of these strikes: \"to stop the rabid anti-Russian propaganda\"(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 3 January 1995, Russian pilots bombed Shali, a town southeast of Grozny. Human rights defenders of Human Rights Watch write that the pilots were apparently trying to hit a radio communication tower, but killed several townspeople at the market and in the hospital (see: \"Indiscriminate Attacks\")(Citation: Russia: Three Months of War in Chechnya 1995). On 7 and 8 April, the Internal Troops of Russia's Ministry of Internal Affairs (predecessors of today's Rosgvardia) stormed Samashki, a village in the west of Ichkeria, and killed 103 Chechen civilians there (see: \"Mass Killings of Civilians\")(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995). On 11 April, the occupiers at the post near the village did not let journalists in and admitted them only on 13 April(Citation: \u0422\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438. \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f. \u0410\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044c 1995. \u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 1995)(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995). On 8 October, Russian pilots bombed Roshni-Chu, a village southwest of Grozny (see: \"Indiscriminate Attacks\"). The occupiers blocked all the roads to the village, and men of the police special forces from the Russian city of Irkutsk at the post did not let journalists in, citing an order(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-95-198) 1995). From 11 December, before the \"elections\" of the head of the puppet government on 14-17 December, Russian soldiers at checkpoints did not let journalists without special passes into Grozny (see: \"Sham Expression of Popular Will\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). From 14 to 20 December, after the Armed Forces of Ichkeria had liberated Gudermes, the second-largest city of the republic, the occupiers shelled and bombed the city, and until 25 December did not let the press in (see: \"Indiscriminate Attacks\")(Citation: Caught in the Crossfire: Civilians in Gudermes and Pervomayskoye 1996).\n\nIn January 1996, the command of the occupation forces closed Grozny and the east of Ichkeria to the press(Citation: Caught in the Crossfire: Civilians in Gudermes and Pervomayskoye 1996). From February until the first days of March, the occupiers shelled with artillery the encircled settlement of Novogroznensky in the east of Ichkeria and the villages of Alleroy, Tsentoroy, Bachi-Yurt and Suvorov-Yurt (see: \"Indiscriminate Attacks\"). The Russian military did not let journalists in there(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). From 3 to 9 March, Russian troops shelled Sernovodsk, a village in the west of Ichkeria, with artillery and fired on it from helicopters (see: \"Indiscriminate Attacks\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). From 6 to 9 March, while the Armed Forces of Ichkeria were attacking the occupiers in Grozny, Russian officials did not let journalists into the city(Citation: Attacks on the Press in 1996: Russia 1997). On 10 March, the Russian military commandant of Sernovodsk forbade letting journalists, human rights defenders and any foreigners into the village (see: \"Expulsion of Foreign Missions\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 15 March 1996, the Internal Troops of Russia's Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Russian 58th Army began the assault on Samashki (see: \"Military Intervention\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). Sources differ on the number of Chechen civilians the occupiers killed in the village during the assault: 35 according to the villagers' list(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010) or about 600 according to a doctor who treated people there (see: \"Indiscriminate Attacks\")(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999)(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). On 17 and 18 March, the occupiers did not let independent journalists from Moscow through to the village. Maria Eismont, a correspondent of the Moscow newspaper Segodnya, told the public tribunal of the Russian Glasnost Foundation in Moscow on 22 April that on 26 and 27 March the Russian military stopped her on the roads to Samashki, and that she got into the village five days later. In Sernovodsk, Russian soldiers who had taken part in the assault turned the journalists back with the words: \"There's no need to go there, there's nothing for you to do there, all the more so since there is nothing at all left to look at.\" Alexander Trushin, a correspondent of the Moscow newspaper Obshchaya Gazeta, told the Glasnost tribunal on 21 April that in early April the chief of the Russian checkpoint near the village phoned a general and did not let the journalists through: \"I asked the captain: 'Did you report why we are going, for what purpose?' He answered: 'Yes, the general knows, and nevertheless the order is not to let you through'\"(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). Human rights defenders of Memorial write that reports of this assault did not reach television and radio(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 21 April 1996, the occupiers killed Dzhokhar Dudayev, the president of Ichkeria, during his conversation on a satellite phone with a mediator in the peace talks; according to the version that human rights defenders of Memorial consider likely, the Russian military located the signal of this phone (see: \"Neutralization of the Opposition\")(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-96-080) 1996)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 8 August 1996, while the Armed Forces of Ichkeria were liberating Grozny, Russian soldiers did not let four journalists of foreign media into the city through either of its two entrances(Citation: Attacks on the Press in 1996: Russia 1997).\n\nHuman rights defenders of Memorial write that in the second year of the war Russian troops cut off from the press the areas they deemed undesirable far more tightly and successfully than in the first year(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nIn August 1996, the Armed Forces of Ichkeria liberated Grozny from the occupiers, forcing Russia to the negotiating table(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999). On 31 August 1996, peace agreements were signed in Khasavyurt (see: \"Sham Treaties\")(Citation: \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0432\u044e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 1996). On 31 December 1996, the last Russian troops left the republic(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0036", "comment": "In the autumn of 1994, Russia attacked the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria under the name of a puppet opposition, and on 11 December 1994 the Russian army openly invaded the republic. On the seized land of Ichkeria, the occupiers installed their own organs of governance in place of the elected leadership of the republic.\n\nOn 30 November 1994, eleven days before the open invasion, Russian President Yeltsin, by secret Decree No. 2137, ordered the creation of a special administration for Ichkeria under the command of the Russian military. At the head of this administration stood the \"leadership group\" of Russian Defense Minister Grachev. Grachev received the right to direct the work of all Russian agencies, troops and special services in Ichkeria and to remove their officials(Citation: \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2116 10-\u041f \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0443 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043e \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0435 1995)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nIn the seized towns and villages, the command of the occupation troops set up military commandant's offices with broad powers over Chechens(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 17 December 1994, Russian President Yeltsin, by Decree No. 2200, ordered the Russian government to create within five days in Ichkeria an occupation civil administration made up of local branches of Russian ministries and agencies(Citation: \u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2116 2200 \u041e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 1994). At the head of the administration Yeltsin placed his plenipotentiary representative in Ichkeria, Minister for Nationalities Yegorov. On 20 December, the Russian government, by Resolution No. 1411, obliged all enterprises, organizations and institutions of Ichkeria to carry out Yegorov's decisions until the Constitution and laws of Russia were in full operation in the republic(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nThe prosecutor's office and police of the puppet government were part of the Russian prosecutor's office and Ministry of Internal Affairs (see: \"Puppet Government\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nIn January 1995, Russia replaced Yegorov at the head of the occupation administration with Semyonov, one of the leaders of Chechen-Ingushetia under Soviet rule. Semyonov's deputies were three appointees from the puppet opposition(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 29 December 1995, Russian President Yeltsin, by Decree No. 1430, gave Russian Interior Minister Kulikov charge in Ichkeria of maintaining order, fighting crime and disarming the army of the republic(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 19 February 1996, the Russian president, by Decree No. 214, repealed Decree No. 2200, by which he had created the occupation administration(Citation: \u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2116 2200 \u041e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 1994). In March 1996, Semyonov, head of the administration, left his post(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 5 June 1996, the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs created in Grozny, the capital of Ichkeria, a Coordination Center headed by Golubets, first deputy interior minister of Russia(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 29 March 1995, Istv\u00e1n Gyarmati, personal representative of the Chairman of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), reported to the OSCE Permanent Council in Vienna on his trip to Ichkeria. The OSCE press release on the report says: \"The report expressed worry that the newly established local authorities in the Chechen Republic are viewed by many Chechens as alien to them and that Chechen politicians who support the federal [Russian] authorities are not supported by the population\"(Citation: OSCE to deploy Assistance Group for Chechnya (press release, Vienna, 29 March 1995) 1995).\n\nOn 23 November 1996, Russian President Yeltsin, by Decree No. 1590, ordered the withdrawal from the Chechen Republic of the 101st Brigade of the Internal Troops (predecessors of today's Rosgvardia) and the 205th Brigade of the Russian army, and allowed the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs to guard people and important facilities only in agreement with the leadership of the Chechen Republic(Citation: \u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442 23 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 1996 \u0433. \u2116 1590 \u00ab\u041e \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0435\u00bb 1996)(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999).\n\nIn August 1996, the Armed Forces of Ichkeria liberated Grozny from the occupiers, forcing Russia to the negotiating table(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999). On 31 August 1996, peace agreements were signed in Khasavyurt (see: \"Sham Treaties\")(Citation: \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0432\u044e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 1996). On 31 December 1996, the last Russian troops left the republic(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 27 January 1997, the citizens of Ichkeria elected a parliament and a president - Aslan Maskhadov(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0166", "comment": "In the autumn of 1994, Russia attacked the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria under the name of a puppet opposition, and on 11 December 1994 the Russian army openly invaded the republic. The occupiers detained Chechens as vagrants and forced them to sign confessions that they had fought in the Armed Forces of Ichkeria or helped them.\n\nIn 1995, in its orders for the detention of Chechens, the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs most often referred to decree No. 1815 of Russian president Yeltsin of 2 November 1993 \"On Measures to Prevent Vagrancy and Begging\"(Citation: \u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442 2 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 1993 \u0433. \u2116 1815 \u00ab\u041e \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0431\u0440\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u00bb 1993). Most of the detained Chechens had their documents on them, and some of them the ministry took from their own homes(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). The first thing the occupiers did was tear up their identity papers in front of their eyes(Citation: Death in Chechnya 1995).\n\nRussian investigators demanded that the detainees confess to helping the army of Ichkeria and told them, blindfolded, to sign papers they could not see(Citation: Death in Chechnya 1995). The occupiers extracted confessions by torture, including with electric current, in pits and prison vans at checkpoints and military units (see: \"Torture and Abuse\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nThe Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs released most of the detained Chechens without charges. According to a certificate by Zlydenko, deputy head of Russia's prison service, from 11 December 1994 to 22 July 1995, 1,325 people passed through the filtration camps for detainees in Mozdok, a town in Russian-controlled North Ossetia, and in Grozny. The ministry handed a hundred of them over to investigators (see: \"Filtration Camp System\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nAccording to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, from 28 January 1995 to July 1996 the ministry charged 51 people of those who had passed through the camp in Grozny, released 1,024 and exchanged 109 for captured Russian servicemen(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 1 February 1995, Ilyushenko, acting prosecutor general of Russia, charged Dzhokhar Dudayev, the elected president of Ichkeria, with high treason and incitement to terrorism on the basis of a telephone conversation which the prosecutors said they had intercepted(Citation: OMRI Daily Digest, 2 February 1995 1995). The Prosecutor General's Office put the president of Ichkeria on a wanted list, and on 21 April 1996 the Russian military killed him near Gekhi-Chu, a village southwest of Grozny (see: \"Neutralization of the Opposition\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 2002). On 6 April 1995, the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs took 16 Chechens out of the filtration camps and forced each of them to sign a paper that called him a fighter of the army of Ichkeria, although, by their own account, none of them had fought. In Malye Atagi, a village south of Grozny, the ministry handed them over to the army of Ichkeria in exchange for a captured Russian major (see: \"Hostage-Taking\")(Citation: \u0422\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438. \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f. \u0410\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044c 1995. \u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 1995).\n\nOn 15 March 1996, Russian soldiers at the checkpoint near Samashki, a village in the west of Ichkeria, detained 91 Chechens who were leaving the village before the assault. Russian investigators interrogated the detainees in the prisons of Pyatigorsk and Stavropol, cities in the south of Russia. One of them, Murat Ganiev, told Human Rights Watch on 14 October 1996: \"I told them I wasn't a fighter. \u2026 They said that if I said I was a fighter they would release the other forty-six. The only thing they gave us to sign was our release papers\"(Citation: Russia/Chechnya: A Legacy of Abuse 1997). Five weeks after the detention, on 19 April 1996, the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs released all the Chechens from Samashki without charges(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nIn a report of January 1997, Human Rights Watch wrote that the Russian government had not disclosed how many Chechens from the filtration camps it was holding in prison on charges of taking part in the fighting, or under which articles they had been tried(Citation: Russia/Chechnya: A Legacy of Abuse 1997).\n\nBy January 1997, when the last Russian troops had left Ichkeria, deputies of the Russian parliament had drafted an amnesty only for Russian servicemen. This draft did not allow the release of Chechens who were held in custody for taking part, or allegedly taking part, in the fighting(Citation: Russia/Chechnya: A Legacy of Abuse 1997). On 12 March 1997, the deputies in Moscow, by resolution No. 1199-II, declared an amnesty for crimes connected with the war, but did not extend it to those charged and convicted under 17 articles of the Criminal Code, including for banditry and murder. The deputies allowed cases under these articles to be closed only against those whom Russia handed over in exchange for its own servicemen and citizens held in Ichkeria(Citation: \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0414\u0443\u043c\u044b \u043e\u0442 12 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 1997 \u0433. \u2116 1199-II \u0413\u0414 \u00ab\u041e\u0431 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0446, \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0435\u00bb 1997).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0104", "comment": "In the autumn of 1994, Russia attacked the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria under the name of a puppet opposition, and on 11 December 1994 the Russian army openly invaded the republic. The occupiers killed unarmed Chechens on the roads, in houses and in cellars.\n\nIn the captured villages and towns Russian soldiers together with police officers went from house to house during \"zachistkas\" (\"sweeps\", as the Russians called the house searches and detentions of Chechens). The occupiers threw grenades into cellars where families were hiding from the shelling. Russian soldiers set houses on fire together with the people inside. Against the walls of houses the occupiers shot unarmed Chechens, among them women and old people(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). Russian snipers fired at those who came out of houses and cellars. Under sniper fire Chechen families could not collect the bodies of their relatives from the streets and bury them for several days(Citation: Caught in the Crossfire: Civilians in Gudermes and Pervomayskoye 1996)(Citation: Russian Federation: Human rights violations in the Chechen Republic (EUR 46/20/96) 1996).\n\nOn 17 December 1994 the Russian military fired from armored personnel carriers at a column of refugees from Grozny at the border with Russian-controlled Ingushetia and killed ten people on the spot(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 22 December 1994 a Russian pilot bombed the cars that had gathered at a crossroads in Grozny, and then fired two more rockets at those who ran to help the wounded. In all, the occupiers killed up to twenty people at the crossroads(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435: \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f 1996).\n\nIn early January 1995 special forces of the 67th Brigade of Russian military intelligence blocked a mountain road along which Chechen civilians were leaving Grozny to escape the shelling. The intelligence troops called in attack aircraft, and Russian pilots bombed the refugees' cars that had gathered at the roadblock(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). In Shali, a town to the southeast of Grozny, on 3 January 1995 Russian pilots dropped cluster bombs on the car market and bombed a second time those who ran to help the wounded (see: \"Indiscriminate Attacks\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435: \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f 1996). Russian servicemen who were searching yards in the settlement of Butenko on the outskirts of Grozny shot four people with assault rifles on 29 January and 3 February 1995, among them three members of the Gagayev family(Citation: \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435: \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f 1996)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). OMON officers, SOBR fighters (police special forces) and soldiers of the Internal Troops of the Russian MVD (predecessors of today's Rosgvardia) searched houses in Petropavlovskaya, a stanitsa to the northeast of Grozny, on 3 February and killed five Chechens(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997).\n\nIn early March 1995 the Armed Forces of Ichkeria, at the insistence of the villagers, were forced to leave Samashki, a village in the west of the Chechen Republic. On 7 April, after shelling, about 250 soldiers of the Sofrino Brigade of the Internal Troops of the Russian MVD, OMON officers and SOBR fighters from Moscow, the Moscow region and Orenburg stormed the village. The occupiers captured Samashki after a short fight with a small group of armed Chechens from the village(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). In the evening Russian soldiers drove four men who were hiding in a storeroom into a car-repair pit in a garage and shot them with assault rifles. The occupiers killed 71-year-old Musait Isayev and wounded Nasruddin Bazuyev and Salavdi Umakhanov, while Abdurakhman Chindigayev survived. Salavdi Umakhanov told Oleg Orlov of Memorial on 4 August 1995: \"Musa [Musait Isayev] says: 'Guys, don't shoot. The cattle have to be fed... Don't shoot'\u2026 In an instant they gave him a burst of automatic fire from there.\" The next day the Russian military killed the wounded Nasruddin Bazuyev and his daughter Raisa Masayeva(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 8 April, when no one in the village was resisting any longer, soldiers, OMON officers and SOBR fighters searched the houses. Sadulla Yusupov, an elderly Chechen from Samashki, told Oleg Orlov of Memorial on 13 April: \"At ten in the morning soldiers came running here\u2026 They were screaming in inhuman voices, swearing, cursing, shouting: 'Come out, you bitches!' and they went up to every house and fired.\" A Russian soldier fired an assault rifle into the earthen cellar where he had hidden, and a second occupier threw a grenade in and wounded him. When he climbed out, Sadulla Yusupov saw the bodies of six neighbors on the street, among them two old men and a woman(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). The Russian military shot Lechi Arsayev dead from twenty meters, without trying to detain him, as he was hanging a white flag on the fence of his house. On Sharipov Street Russian soldiers set fire to a house where Chechens were hiding. The occupiers immediately shot Abi Akhmetova, who came out of the fire with her hands raised. The report of the Observer Mission of Russian human rights organizations says that Yuki Gaitukayeva, Madu Rasuyev and Kesirt Rasuyeva could not get out of the burning house and apparently burned alive(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995). The mission published a list by name of 103 people whom the occupiers killed in Samashki on 7 and 8 April(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995). The human rights defenders of Memorial write that at least half of them the Russian military killed deliberately(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 23 April 1995 drunken Russian servicemen opened fire near a shop in the center of Gudermes, the second-largest town of Ichkeria, and soldiers of other Russian units took it for an attack and fired in the town for three and a half hours. By the count of the prosecutor's office that Russia had installed in Grozny, the occupiers killed ten unarmed people that day and wounded eight(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 7 July 1995, during the talks between Russia and Ichkeria, the Russian military killed seven Chechens of the Chapanov family, among them children and old people, in Prigorodnoye, a village near Grozny(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). From 15 December 1995 the crews of Russian helicopters fired at Chechens who were leaving Gudermes to escape the shelling. On the road to the east of the town the pilots killed or wounded about fifteen people(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: Caught in the Crossfire: Civilians in Gudermes and Pervomayskoye 1996). On 19-20 December 1995, having again captured Gudermes, which the Armed Forces of Ichkeria had liberated five days earlier, Russian soldiers went around the houses and threw grenades into cellars where old, sick and wounded people were hiding. Shkirko, the commander of the occupation troops, named 267 civilians killed in Gudermes (see: \"Lies about Its Own Actions\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 3 March 1996 Russian soldiers who broke into Sernovodsk, a village in the west of Ichkeria, fired from an armored personnel carrier at three men in a car, killing them and wounding a fourth(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 17 March, during the second storming of Samashki, Russian soldiers led about 40 Chechens, among them 10-15 children, out of a cellar in a yard on Kalinin Street and stood them against a wall. After going out of the gate, the occupiers threw three grenades into the yard and wounded 17 people, two women among them dying of their wounds(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). On 19 March Russian soldiers led the Chechens hiding in the cellars of one of the yards of Samashki out and lined them up against a wall. With a burst of automatic fire the occupiers killed Zakhud Zhadiyeva, a Chechen woman who did not understand the order \"stand against the wall\" in Russian(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). On 25 April 1996 soldiers from a Russian checkpoint fired at buses in which women and children were being taken out of the surrounded Shali. The occupiers wounded nine people, one woman among them dying of her wounds(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: CHECHEN REPUBLIC - RUSSIAN FEDERATION: Civilians under Russian bombardment - continued fear for safety of civilians in Shali (EUR 46/24/96) 1996). On the night of 15 July 1996 in the northwestern suburb of Grozny, soldiers of the Internal Troops of the Russian MVD fired from two armored personnel carriers at unarmed people in cars and killed 12 or 13 people. The occupiers set the cars on fire and cut off the ears of some of the bodies (see: \"Desecration of the Dead\")(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-96-139) 1996)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 1 August OMON officers of the Russian MVD attacked the settlement of Dolinsky to the northwest of Grozny and shot dead two young men who were sleeping in a car near the houses (see: \"Abduction of People\")(Citation: CHECHEN REPUBLIC - RUSSIAN FEDERATION: \"Disappearance\" / Possible extrajudicial execution (UA 196/96, EUR 46/35/96) 1996). On 10 August Russian soldiers who were capturing the area of Abakanskaya Street in Grozny fired flamethrowers into the cellars of houses without checking whether there were people inside. In the cellar of house No. 40 the occupiers burned 12 Chechens from two families, among them two children aged three and four and an 85-year-old woman(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 19 August 1996 the command of the occupation troops demanded that everyone who remained in Grozny leave the city within 48 hours (see: \"Collective Punishment\"). The next day near the village of Goity to the south of Grozny the crew of a Russian helicopter fired at refugees who were leaving the capital in buses and cars, and killed from ten to twelve people(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: Human Rights Watch World Report 1997: The Russian Federation 1997).\n\nMemorial concluded that Russian troops deliberately attacked civilians throughout the war and killed the most of them by bombing and shelling(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). Tim Guldimann, the head of the mission of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe in Grozny, wrote that in March 1996 his staff, in a report to the organization's leadership, called Russia's actions a war against the civilian population without military necessity(Citation: Supporting the Doves against the Hawks: Experiences of the OSCE Assistance Group to Chechnya 1998).\n\nThe human rights defenders of Memorial write that Russia kept no count of the unarmed Chechens it killed(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). The Observer Mission questioned 265 refugee families from Grozny and, based on their accounts, estimated that from December 1994 to March 1995 the occupiers killed 25,000-29,000 people in the city(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). In March 1996 the UN Secretary-General, in a report to the UN Commission on Human Rights, cited the calculation of Russian human rights organizations: from 25 November 1994 to 15 April 1995, 26,550 civilians died in Ichkeria from Russia's war, among them 2,300 children under 15 and 5,050 women(Citation: The situation of human rights in the Republic of Chechnya of the Russian Federation. Report of the Secretary-General (E/CN.4/1996/13) 1996). In its annual report for 1996 Human Rights Watch estimated the number of civilians killed in Ichkeria since December 1994 at 18,500 to 80,000(Citation: Human Rights Watch World Report 1997: The Russian Federation 1997).\n\nOver the whole war Russian military courts convicted seven servicemen for the killing of civilians (see: \"Impunity of Perpetrators\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nIn August 1996, the Armed Forces of Ichkeria liberated Grozny from the occupiers, forcing Russia to the negotiating table(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999). On 31 August 1996, peace agreements were signed in Khasavyurt (see: \"Sham Treaties\")(Citation: \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0432\u044e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 1996). On 31 December 1996, the last Russian troops left the republic(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0122", "comment": "In the autumn of 1994, Russia attacked the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria under the name of a puppet opposition, and on 11 December 1994 the Russian army openly invaded the republic. The occupiers did not let doctors and humanitarian aid reach the Chechens, and did not let the wounded out to the doctors.\n\nRussian servicemen at the checkpoints around villages and towns surrounded before an assault did not let in doctors, UN and Red Cross staff, vehicles with food or buses for refugees. The occupiers did not let the Chechens they had wounded out to the doctors(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). Russian soldiers fired on ambulances and vehicles of humanitarian organizations(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: Chechnya Case Study. Interim Report 1996).\n\nOn 17 December 1994, Russian servicemen shot up a column of cars with refugees from Grozny near the border of Russian-controlled Ingushetia (see: \"Mass Killings of Civilians\"). The occupiers fired on ambulance doctors who were driving to the wounded from the Ingush side, and did not let them approach the site of the shooting until half past four in the morning(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nIn January 1995, Russian officials directed humanitarian aid to the northern districts of Ichkeria. To the south of Ichkeria and to Russian-controlled Dagestan, where Chechens had fled, Russian agencies sent no aid(Citation: The situation of human rights in the Republic of Chechnya of the Russian Federation. Report of the Secretary-General (E/CN.4/1996/13) 1996). On 6 January, in Troitskaya, a stanitsa in Ingushetia, a soldier of a patrol of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs shot dead Ruslan, an unarmed driver from a column that a refugee woman from Grozny was leading there for the elderly (see: \"Mass Killings of Civilians\")(Citation: Russia. War in Chechnya. New Report From the Field 1995). In early April 1995, Russian officials held up for a day at a checkpoint just across the border of Ichkeria a Red Cross convoy with medical supplies for Grozny, citing the fact that the drivers did not have the required documents(Citation: Grozny Falls 1995).\n\nOn 7 April 1995, the Internal Troops of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs (predecessors of today's Rosgvardia) stormed Samashki, a village in the west of Ichkeria. On 8 and 9 April, the special forces of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs at checkpoint No. 13 did not let into the village doctors of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), of M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res and of the Russian Red Cross(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995)(Citation: \u0422\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438. \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f. \u0410\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044c 1995. \u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 1995). Valery Borshchov, a deputy of the Russian parliament who was traveling to the village with the doctors on 8 April, told the public tribunal of the Russian Glasnost Foundation in Moscow in February 1996: \"As the major, the commander of the 13th post, explained\u2026, they, the military, are guided not by the Geneva Conventions [international treaties on the protection of the wounded and of civilians in war], but by the orders of the local commander, Colonel General Kulikov\"(Citation: \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435: \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f 1996). On 9 April, Dzeki Musayeva, born in 1920, died of a hypertensive attack without medical help(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995). On 10 April, Russian servicemen allowed the wounded to be taken out, but did not let ambulances into the village, and Chechens from Samashki drove 15 wounded fellow villagers to the post on a bus, a truck and a tractor with a trailer. Russian servicemen from positions on the Sunzha ridge, a range of hills near the village, fired on the trailer and wounded Taus Ibishev a second time; he died a few days later in a hospital in Ingushetia. Ambulance doctors took the rest of the wounded from the post to hospitals in Ingushetia. After this, the occupiers let ICRC vehicles into the village, and on 13 April doctors of the Russian Red Cross. The report of the Observer Mission of Russian human rights organizations says that at least 13 wounded Chechens from Samashki died because they did not receive medical help in time. The Mission published a list by name of those killed in the village, including those who died of their wounds without medical help(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 30 September 1995, Russian Internal Troops and police surrounded Sernovodsk, a village in the west of Ichkeria near the border with Ingushetia, and did not let UN staff with humanitarian aid reach the 3,000 refugees at the village resort, among them 2,100 children (see: \"Transport Blockade\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: World Vision Team Re-Enters Sernovodsk. Trip shows shocking conditions in Sernovodsk and in Grozni hospital 1995). From 26 October, the soldiers did not let vehicles with food into Sernovodsk, and from November they let a truck with food in twice a week(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). To the appeal of the representative of the UN Secretary-General of 7 November 1995 about the shortage of food among the refugees of Sernovodsk, the Russian government replied almost four months later, on 29 February 1996(Citation: The situation of human rights in the Republic of Chechnya of the Russian Federation. Report of the Secretary-General (E/CN.4/1996/13) 1996). In December 1995, Russian servicemen fired on a Red Cross vehicle that was driving to Vedeno, a district center in the southeast of Ichkeria. The Red Cross staff could not come to terms with the occupiers and turned back(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-95-241) 1995).\n\nOn 14 December 1995, the Armed Forces of Ichkeria liberated Gudermes, the second-largest city of Ichkeria, east of Grozny, and on 19-20 December Russian troops captured it after five days of shelling and bombing (see: \"Indiscriminate Attacks\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). The Russian government did not allow humanitarian organizations to evacuate Chechen civilians from the city, and the townspeople walked on foot to Russian-controlled Dagestan. On the way, refugees froze to death, among them at least four children(Citation: Caught in the Crossfire: Civilians in Gudermes and Pervomayskoye 1996). In Osman-Yurt, a village in Dagestan, five-year-old Zali Zelimkhanova, who was walking with her family from Gudermes, died. On 21 January 1996, her mother Melkhash Zelimkhanova told human rights defenders of the international organization Human Rights Watch and of \"Memorial\" there: \"When we were in the basement [in Gudermes] it was very cold, and by the time we got here my daughter, Zali, got sick and died a sudden death\"(Citation: Caught in the Crossfire: Civilians in Gudermes and Pervomayskoye 1996). After the capture of Gudermes, Russian servicemen for several days did not let ICRC staff into the city, while the elderly, women and children froze without food or water in the basements of destroyed houses. On 26 December, the ICRC began distributing aid in Gudermes(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-95-249) 1995).\n\nIn December 1995 and January 1996, soldiers at Russian checkpoints hardly ever let through the vehicles of the Belgian section of M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res, and the doctors could not get medicines to Gudermes(Citation: Caught in the Crossfire: Civilians in Gudermes and Pervomayskoye 1996). On the eve of New Year 1996, Russian servicemen and officers of the Ministry of Internal Affairs at the posts around Sernovodsk beat the crews of vehicles that were bringing New Year presents to the children(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997).\n\nIn 1996, Russian servicemen at the checkpoints checked humanitarian organizations for passes for travel around Ichkeria. Russian agencies issued a pass for two weeks, often a few days before it expired, or did not issue one at all(Citation: Chechnya Case Study. Interim Report 1996). By 3 January, the occupiers had closed the roads around Grozny and to Gudermes to ICRC vehicles. The commanders of the occupation troops in Grozny and the military leadership in Moscow did not reply until the end of January to the ICRC's requests to name someone to negotiate with(Citation: Caught in the Crossfire: Civilians in Gudermes and Pervomayskoye 1996). On 5 March 1996, during the assault on Sernovodsk by the Russian units of Artemov, the commander of the occupation troops in the southwest of Ichkeria, the occupiers agreed with the ICRC to cease fire and let its staff through to the wounded and sick, but on 6 March the soldiers at the post did not let the ICRC vehicles through, saying that they had received no orders(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). The Chechens wounded by the occupiers reached doctors only on 9 March, when Russian troops captured Sernovodsk(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010), and the ICRC got into the village three weeks after the start of the assault on 3 March(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). During the assault on Samashki, on 16 March 1996 the occupiers did not let through 17 buses of the International Organization for Migration, which had agreed with the Russian military to evacuate those who remained in the village, and did not let the wounded out through Novy Sharoy, a village to the south, although the Chechens offered 100 million rubles and a car for this(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). On 19 March, when the occupiers opened the way out of Samashki, a doctor of the village hospital took the wounded to the hospital in Achkhoy-Martan, a district center in the west of Ichkeria(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nIn the spring of 1996, Russian troops surrounded the mountain villages of the Vedeno, Shatoy and Nozhay-Yurt districts in the south and southeast of Ichkeria. The soldiers did not let doctors or humanitarian organizations in(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 10 July 1996, Russian troops surrounded Makhkety, a mountain village in the southeast of Ichkeria, and blocked the only road out of it, while soldiers at the Russian checkpoints around Shali, a town southeast of Grozny, did not let vehicles with the wounded through. Seriously wounded Chechens were carried out of Makhkety along mountain paths; four of them died of their wounds in the hospital in Shali(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nThe human rights defenders of Human Rights Watch wrote in their review for 1995 that Russian troops again and again blocked or delayed humanitarian aid to civilians in Ichkeria, especially at the start of the war, and at least once fired on a M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res vehicle with a clearly visible emblem of the organization(Citation: Human Rights Watch World Report 1996: The Russian Federation 1996). On 26 March 1996, the UN Secretary-General wrote in a report to the Commission on Human Rights that, according to Human Rights Watch, Russian agencies created bureaucratic obstacles for aid organizations, hindered the distribution of aid and did not allow the sick and wounded to be evacuated from Grozny. Sergei Kovalyov, Russia's human rights commissioner, informed the UN that Russia was obstructing the delivery of humanitarian aid to the war zone, including medicines to save the wounded(Citation: The situation of human rights in the Republic of Chechnya of the Russian Federation. Report of the Secretary-General (E/CN.4/1996/13) 1996).\n\nIn August 1996, the Armed Forces of Ichkeria liberated Grozny from the occupiers, forcing Russia to the negotiating table(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999). On 31 August 1996, peace agreements were signed in Khasavyurt (see: \"Sham Treaties\")(Citation: \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0432\u044e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 1996). On 31 December 1996, the last Russian troops left the republic(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0019", "comment": "In the autumn of 1994, Russia attacked the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria under the name of a puppet opposition, and on 11 December 1994 the Russian army openly invaded the republic. The occupiers captured the towns and villages of Ichkeria.\n\nOn 26 November 1994 the defenders of Grozny, the capital of Ichkeria, routed the Russian tank crews who were storming the city under the banner of the puppet opposition (see: \"Staging a Coup\")(Citation: \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0448\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 26 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 1994 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1994). By 29 November the Russian army had gathered about 140 combat aircraft for the attack on Ichkeria. On 29 November Russian pilots in six Su-27 aircraft and four helicopters attacked the presidential palace in Grozny(Citation: Chechnya/ Russia - Air Attack On Grozny 1994). On 1 December the crews of Russian Su-25 attack aircraft destroyed all of Ichkeria's aircraft on its airfields(Citation: \u041b\u0451\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f 1999). On 9 December Russian President Yeltsin, by Decree No. 2166, ordered the government to use all means of the Russian state, including the army, against the Armed Forces of Ichkeria(Citation: \u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2116 2166 \u041e \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e-\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0443\u0448\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 1994).\n\nA day before the talks between Russia and Ichkeria scheduled for 12 December, the Russian army and the Internal Troops of the MVD (predecessors of today's Rosgvardia) began an offensive in three columns from the neighboring Russian-controlled republics (see: \"Negotiations as Cover for an Attack\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). Sources differ: some put the strength of these columns at 14,972 men, others at almost 24,000(Citation: \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0441 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435\u0439 2001)(Citation: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430: \u0445\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 2024). The Russian Ministry of Defense estimated the Armed Forces of Ichkeria at 11,000-12,000 fighters, the Russian MVD at up to 15,000, and both ministries counted another 30,000-40,000 Chechen volunteers(Citation: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f 1994-1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 2014). The northern column advanced from Mozdok, and the western column from Vladikavkaz through Ingushetia. The eastern column set out from Kizlyar, a town in Dagestan(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2116 1360 \u041e\u0431 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 1994). On 11 December unarmed Chechens of the Khasavyurt district of Dagestan surrounded the armored personnel carriers of the eastern column and did not let the occupation troops through(Citation: \u0417\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0417\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u00ab\u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430\u00bb \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1996)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 12 December near the village of Novy Sharoy in the west of Ichkeria, thousands of Chechens stood on the road in front of the western column and held it up for a week at the border with Ingushetia(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u0425\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 2026). On that day the army of Ichkeria stopped the northern column near the settlement of Dolinsky, about ten kilometers northwest of Grozny(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nBefore a storming, Russian troops surrounded towns and villages and shelled them with artillery, while Russian aircraft bombed them (see: \"Indiscriminate Attacks\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). The occupiers demanded that the Chechens in the surrounded villages expel the defenders and hand over their weapons (see: \"Collective Punishment\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). In the captured towns Russian troops set up commandant's offices and garrisons. In Grozny Russia installed the Russian-controlled \"Government of National Revival\" (see: \"Puppet Government\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999).\n\nFrom 18 December 1994 Russian aircraft bombed the residential districts of Grozny. On 19 December units of the Russian airborne division from Pskov under the command of General Babichev reached the western outskirts of the city(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 31 December the Russian army stormed Grozny from four sides. The defenders of the city routed the occupiers' columns and took more than a hundred Russian servicemen prisoner. The human rights defenders of Memorial write about the troops of General Pulikovsky, who were advancing from the northwest: \"The 131st (Maikop) Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade and the 81st (Samara) Motorized Rifle Regiment were almost completely routed\"(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 7-9 January 1995 the occupiers stormed Grozny again, from the north and west. Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev, the vice president of Ichkeria, who together with Aslan Maskhadov led the defense of the presidential palace, wrote in his memoirs about the evening of 18 January: \"We were deciding one question: to stay and die, which was tantamount to the destruction of the Main Staff, or to leave the Presidential Palace and set up a new headquarters on the other side of the Sunzha [the river in the center of Grozny]\"(Citation: \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f - \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0443 1996). On the night of 19 January Russian pilots dropped concrete-piercing bombs on the palace, and the defenders were forced to leave. On 19 January Russian soldiers captured the ruins of the palace. The occupiers stormed the remaining districts of Grozny for another month and a half. By early February 1995 Russia had brought the number of its troops in Ichkeria up to 70,000 men(Citation: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f 1994-1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 2014). The defenders fought longest in Chernorechye in the south of the city, and on 6 March 1995 the Internal Troops of the Russian MVD captured this district(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 23 March 1995 the occupiers captured Argun, a town to the east of Grozny(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 24 March Russian troops broke into Achkhoy-Martan, a district center in the west of Ichkeria, but fighters of the army of Ichkeria liberated the village with a counterattack(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999). On 28 and 29 March the Russian army surrounded Gudermes, the second-largest town of Ichkeria, and Shali, a town to the southeast of Grozny. Russian commanders demanded that the townspeople persuade the defenders to leave, and on 30-31 March, when the fighters of the army of Ichkeria were forced to leave both towns, the occupiers captured them without a fight(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 12 May the Russian army began an offensive into the mountains in the south of Ichkeria. On 3 June the occupiers captured Vedeno, a district center to the southeast of Grozny, and on 12 June Shatoy to the south of the capital and Nozhai-Yurt in the southeast(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 18 June 1995 Chernomyrdin, the chairman of the Russian government, agreed on a cessation of fighting with Shamil Basayev, the commander of the fighters of the Armed Forces of Ichkeria who had taken hostages in Budyonnovsk, a Russian-controlled town to the northwest of the republic. That evening the occupation troops halted their offensive (see: \"Sham Treaties\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). At the end of July, Grozny, Argun, Gudermes, Shali and the mountain district centers were under occupation by the Russian army, while in most villages there were no Russian troops(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999). On 14 December 1995 the Armed Forces of Ichkeria liberated Gudermes to disrupt the \"vote\" for the head of the puppet government. On 19-20 December, after six days of shelling and bombing of residential districts, the occupiers captured the town again(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: Caught in the Crossfire: Civilians in Gudermes and Pervomayskoye 1996).\n\nOn 17-20 February 1996 the Russian army shelled and captured by storm Novogroznensky, a settlement to the east of Gudermes(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 3 March Russian troops broke into Sernovodsk, a village in the west of Ichkeria, on the day their commanders had set for signing a peace with the leaders of the village, and the defenders drove the attackers out. By 9 March, after six days of shelling, the defenders of Sernovodsk were forced to leave, and the occupiers captured the village(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 6 March the Armed Forces of Ichkeria under the command of Ruslan Gelayev attacked the occupiers in Grozny and liberated most of the city. The army of Ichkeria did not try to hold the city and left it on 8 March(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999). On the night of 14 March Russian troops surrounded Samashki, a village in the west of Ichkeria, and on 15 March began a storming with tanks, artillery, helicopters and aircraft. On 19 March the fighters of the army of Ichkeria under the command of Khizir Khachukayev ran out of ammunition and were forced to leave(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 4 April, after six days of bombing, Russian soldiers broke into Goyskoye, a village to the southwest of Grozny, but the defenders under the command of Akhmed Zakayev repelled the storming. On 7 May the occupiers under the command of General Shamanov captured Goyskoye(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 24 May, after three months of stormings, shelling and bombing, the Russian army captured Bamut, a village in the west of Ichkeria at the border with Russian-controlled Ingushetia, while the defenders under the command of Ruslan Khaikhoroyev broke out of the encirclement(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 9 July 1996, six days after the Russian presidential election, the occupiers violated the ceasefire agreement signed with Ichkeria on 27 May and launched a new offensive (see: \"Sham Ceasefire\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On that day Russian units under the command of General Tikhomirov, the commander of the occupation troops, surrounded and shelled Gekhi, a village to the southwest of Grozny, where a unit of the Armed Forces of Ichkeria was stationed. By 12 July the occupiers had killed the unit's commander Doku Makhayev and destroyed more than a third of the village(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-96-139) 1996). On 15 July the occupiers captured Makhkety, a mountain village of the Vedeno district in the southeast of Ichkeria, which they had surrounded five days earlier(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999).\n\nThe Russian human rights defenders of Memorial write that the Russian army with aircraft, heavy artillery and tanks fought against Ichkeria, although the president and government of Russia passed the war off as a police disarmament(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 19 January 1995 the European Parliament in a resolution condemned Russia's use of the army against Ichkeria(Citation: Resolution on the situation in Chechnya (European Parliament, 19 January 1995) 1995). The Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe in a declaration of 8 July 1995 condemned Russia's war in Ichkeria as a gross violation of international law(Citation: Ottawa Declaration of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly and Resolutions Adopted by the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly at the Fourth Annual Session, Ottawa, 8 July 1995 1995).\n\nIn August 1996, the Armed Forces of Ichkeria liberated Grozny from the occupiers. In three days of fighting the army of Ichkeria retook the center and about 80 percent of the city(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999). The defenders forced Russia to the negotiating table. On 22 August 1996 in the village of Novye Atagi in the south of the republic, Russia and Ichkeria signed an agreement on the withdrawal of Russian troops from Grozny and joint control over certain districts of the city(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-96-164) 1996). On 31 August 1996 General Lebed, the secretary of the Russian Security Council, and Aslan Maskhadov, the chief of the Main Staff of the Armed Forces of Ichkeria, signed a joint statement in Khasavyurt, a town in Russian-controlled Dagestan. In it Russia acknowledged that resolving disputed issues by force or the threat of force was inadmissible (see: \"Sham Treaties\")(Citation: \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0432\u044e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 1996).\n\nBy 31 August 1996 the occupation troops had left Grozny for their main bases in Khankala on the eastern outskirts of the city and at the Severny airport to the north of it. Russian police officers and soldiers of the Internal Troops of the MVD remained in the city. Russia withdrew its troops from Vedeno, Shatoy, Nozhai-Yurt and Kurchaloy, villages in the south and east of Ichkeria. Russian units still stood in Shali, near Bamut and in the Naur and Shelkovskaya districts in the north of Ichkeria(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999). In these two districts beyond the Terek river there was no fighting during the whole war. On 31 December 1996, the last Russian troops left the republic(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0021", "comment": "In the autumn of 1994, Russia attacked the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria under the name of a puppet opposition, and on 11 December 1994 the Russian army openly invaded the republic. Russia killed the leaders of Ichkeria, put them on wanted lists and arrested the republic's representatives in Moscow.\n\nRussian President Yeltsin, by Decree No. 1226 of 14 June 1994, allowed anyone suspected of ties to criminal groups to be held without charge for up to 30 days(Citation: Russia: Amnesty calls on Russian authorities to release or charge Chechen detainees 1995). Under this decree, the FSB and the Russian police detained representatives of Ichkeria in Moscow(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-95-119) 1995)(Citation: \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2116 1360 \u041e\u0431 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 1994).\n\nOn 1 February 1995, the Prosecutor General's Office of Russia put Dzhokhar Dudayev, the elected president of Ichkeria, on the wanted list in order to arrest and try him (see: \"Manufacturing Criminals\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 17 June 1995, officers of the FSB and the Moscow police arrested Khamad Kurbanov, the representative of the president of Ichkeria in Russia, and two days later Ramzan Muzaev, secretary of the Chechen news agency Chechen-Press(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-95-119) 1995). The FSB and police officers held both without charge, released the agency's secretary by 26 July, and the president's representative a month after his arrest(Citation: Russia: Amnesty calls on Russian authorities to release or charge Chechen detainees 1995)(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-95-144) 1995)(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). On 8 October 1995, during the \"ceasefire\", Russian pilots bombed Roshni-Chu, a village southwest of Grozny, and killed 28 people, among them Magomed Khachuev, head of security of the delegation of Ichkeria at the talks. Human rights defenders of Memorial write that the target of the strike was Dzhokhar Dudayev, the president of Ichkeria, who at times lived in the village and was unharmed(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 21 April 1996, Dzhokhar Dudayev, with his wife Alla Dudayeva, his associates and his guards, drove out of Gekhi-Chu, a village southwest of Grozny, to a clearing in the mountains. The president put a satellite phone on the hood of the car and called Konstantin Borovoy, a deputy of the Russian parliament and a mediator in the peace talks. Russian servicemen struck the clearing with missiles(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-96-080) 1996). The occupiers killed the president of Ichkeria, Prosecutor General Magomet Zhaniev and Khamad Kurbanov, the republic's former representative in Moscow. Alla Dudayeva was standing twenty meters from the car. In her memoirs, the president's wife wrote: \"Suddenly, from the left, came the sharp whistle of an incoming missile. The explosion behind my back and the yellow flame that flared up made me jump down into the ravine... but suddenly the whistle came again\"(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 2002).\n\nOn 21 and 22 April 1996, Russian troops struck six or seven headquarters of the leadership of Ichkeria in the mountains with missiles and bombs(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). Alexander Litvinenko, a former FSB officer, wrote in 2002 that the killing of the president had been prepared by an FSB group under the command of Khokholkov, created \"to eliminate Dudayev\", in Khankala, the main base of the occupation troops on the eastern outskirts of Grozny. According to him, aircraft of Russian military intelligence guided the missile to a beacon in the president's substituted phone(Citation: \u0424\u0421\u0411 \u0432\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e 2002).\n\nOn 7 May 1996, Russian police officers secretly detained Vagap Tutakov, Ichkeria's representative in Moscow, as he was leaving Kaluga, a city southwest of Moscow(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). The police officers claimed that they had found weapons in his car(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-96-092) 1996), and on 8 June they released Ichkeria's representative from custody(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 10 July 1996, Tikhomirov, the commander of the occupation troops, ordered a search for and the detention of Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev, the acting president of Ichkeria(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999). That same day, Russian pilots and artillerymen struck Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev's headquarters in Makhkety, a mountain village in the southeast of Ichkeria(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 15 July, the occupiers captured Makhkety but did not find the acting president there(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999). That day, the crews of seven Russian helicopters destroyed his mother's house in Starye Atagi, a village south of Grozny, with missiles; the mother and the neighbors survived (see: \"Collective Punishment\")(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999)(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-96-139) 1996).\n\nIn August 1996, the Armed Forces of Ichkeria liberated Grozny from the occupiers, forcing Russia to the negotiating table(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999). On 31 August 1996, peace agreements were signed in Khasavyurt (see: \"Sham Treaties\")(Citation: \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0432\u044e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 1996). On 31 December 1996, the last Russian troops left the republic(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0167", "comment": "test", "showSubtechniques": true}, {"techniqueID": "T0164", "comment": "In the autumn of 1994, Russia attacked the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria under the name of a puppet opposition, and on 11 December 1994 the Russian army openly invaded the republic. The occupiers looted Chechen homes and carried the belongings away in military vehicles(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOfficers of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs and soldiers of the Russian Internal Troops (predecessors of today's Rosgvardia), during \"zachistkas\" (\"sweeps\", as the Russians called house searches and detentions of Chechens) in Grozny, went from house to house with weapons. The occupiers took money, gold and valuables from the owners. Chechen families filed the most complaints of looting against them(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nFrom December 1994, Russian police officers and fighters of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs looted Chechen families in the stanitsa of Assinovskaya in the west of Ichkeria(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995). In mid-January 1995, the elders let Russian troops into the stanitsa after they promised to do no harm (see: \"False Guarantees of Safety\"), and the occupiers looted the homes of Chechens(Citation: Russia: Three Months of War in Chechnya 1995). On 28 and 29 January, the Russian military surrounded a block in the settlement of Butenko on the outskirts of Grozny with armored personnel carriers, went from yard to yard with weapons, took a thousand dollars from Leila Bapayeva, and from her neighbor, a mother of eleven children, her \"Mother Heroine\" medal(Citation: \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435: \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f 1996)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). In late January, the occupiers loaded appliances from abandoned houses of Grozny into armored personnel carriers, and a Russian captain drove a covered truck full of furniture through the city(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995). In February, because of the looting in Assinovskaya, the head of the Achkhoy-Martan district in the west of Ichkeria and a representative of the Armed Forces of Ichkeria refused to let the Internal Troops of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs into the villages of the district(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995).\n\nIn the winter of 1995, after the seizure of Grozny, the Russian military carried the belongings of Chechens on army vehicles through Ingushetia to North Ossetia, Russian-controlled republics to the west of Ichkeria. Russian traffic police recorded many such cases at their posts in Ingushetia(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nIn February 1995, Russian Justice Minister Kovalyov and General Babichev, who commanded one of the occupiers' groupings, declared on air that soldiers who take food from abandoned houses, or whatever is lying around unguarded, commit no crime(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 1 March 1995, Sobolev, deputy director of the FSK (predecessor of today's FSB), admitted on the Vremya program of the ORT television channel that the Russian military in Ichkeria had looted. Russian soldiers who on 30 March 1995 seized Gudermes, the second-largest town of Ichkeria, took whatever they wanted at the market and did not pay(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: Caught in the Crossfire: Civilians in Gudermes and Pervomayskoye 1996). Until December 1995, Russian servicemen who served in Gudermes on contract in 45-day shifts got drunk before going home, entered the homes of Chechens and took chickens, geese, carpets and dishes(Citation: Caught in the Crossfire: Civilians in Gudermes and Pervomayskoye 1996).\n\nOn 7-8 April 1995, the Internal Troops and police special forces of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs stormed Samashki, a village in the west of Ichkeria, and killed 103 peaceful Chechens (see: \"Mass Killings of Civilians\"). Along with armored vehicles, the occupiers brought military trucks into the village. The soldiers loaded video equipment, tape recorders, televisions, carpets and furniture into them and into armored personnel carriers, and searched women's necks for gold(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995)(Citation: \u0422\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438. \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f. \u0410\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044c 1995. \u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 1995). On 13 April, Sadulla Yusupov from Samashki told Oleg Orlov, a staff member of Memorial, how he climbed out of the cellar where a Russian serviceman had wounded him with a grenade and saw three occupiers in the yard: \"They dragged out this little safe, this one here. We kept money and papers in it. Two of them are opening it with something, trying to open it, and the third is guarding them and shooting chickens, into the house\". The soldiers opened the safe and left. Human rights defenders of the Observer Mission found Sadulla Yusupov's house burned down, but there were no traces of fighting on its walls(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nIn April 1995, Albast Madayev from Samashki wrote to Govorukhin, chairman of the Russian parliament's commission investigating the causes of the war in Ichkeria: \"They burned my house with a shot from a flamethrower, killed 3 cows and 12 sheep. Of the household belongings, they took away what they could and set fire to the rest\"(Citation: \u0422\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438. \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f. \u0410\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044c 1995. \u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 1995). The commission received 221 statements from Chechens of this village. In 60 of them it is said that the Russian military took valuables, food and shot livestock from the houses, and often burned the rest (see: \"Total Destruction of Infrastructure\"). On 6 June, Govorukhin, chairman of the commission, told Krasnaya Zvezda, the newspaper of the Russian Ministry of Defense, that he did not believe in the looting in Samashki. Not one of the complainants received an answer(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995).\n\nIn April 1995, an officer of the Russian FSB confirmed in Ichkeria to Viktor Kurochkin and Viktor Sheinis, deputies of the Russian parliament, that soldiers of the occupation troops were looting the seized villages on a mass scale. The officer had filed a report about this to his superiors and received no answer(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On the night of 7 July 1995, the Russian soldiers Korovin, Shulin and Petrov came from their unit to the settlement of Rodina to demand money and gold from Chechens, killed two of them and wounded three. A year later, a military court gave Korovin 14 years, and Shulin and Petrov six and three years(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-96-158) 1996)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). From 30 September 1995 to March 1996, police officers and soldiers of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs who kept Sernovodsk, a village in the west of Ichkeria, encircled looted Chechen families and drove away their livestock (see: \"Transport Blockade\")(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). On 14 December 1995, the Armed Forces of Ichkeria liberated Gudermes, and on 19-20 December Russian troops seized the town again. Russian soldiers lived in dachas outside the town, came every day into the homes of Chechens and took carpets, dishes, food and Red Cross medicines(Citation: Caught in the Crossfire: Civilians in Gudermes and Pervomayskoye 1996).\n\nIn February 1996, the Russian military looted the houses that had survived the stormings in the settlement of Novogroznensky in the east of Ichkeria(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). On 9 and 10 March, the Russian military carried mattresses, refrigerators and other belongings of Chechen families out of Sernovodsk on some thirty trucks, which doctors of the international organization Doctors Without Borders counted. At the resort north of the village, Russian soldiers looted and set fire to the apartments where refugees were living(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). In March 1996, Russian soldiers looted the surviving houses in Samashki(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). Russian guards in the prison of Pyatigorsk, a town in the south of Russia, took fur hats, leather jackets, shoes, money and gold from 91 Chechens whom the occupiers had unlawfully detained near Samashki on 15 March 1996 (see: \"Filtration Camp System\"). On 19 April, the Ministry of Internal Affairs released them without charges(Citation: Russia/Chechnya: A Legacy of Abuse 1997)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). In August 1996, when the Armed Forces of Ichkeria were liberating Grozny, the reconnaissance battalion of the Russian army's 205th Brigade drove townspeople out of the 16-story buildings on Altaiskaya Street near the old airport, where there was no fighting, and loaded their belongings into vehicles. When the fighting ended and the soldiers left, the townspeople found almost all the apartments looted(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 17 August 1996, soldiers of the 101st Brigade of the Internal Troops of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs searched the houses around the \"15th Gorodok\", their base in Grozny, took whatever they wanted and shot up the rest with assault rifles(Citation: \u0417\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0417\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u00ab\u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430\u00bb \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1996).\n\nOn 20-22 August 1996, Aleksei Karmayev, a 67-year-old disabled man from Grozny, went to the headquarters of the 276th Regiment of the Russian army to demand that Russian soldiers stop looting and return his belongings. On 24 August, eight soldiers of the regiment led him away from the yard of his house on Kommunisticheskaya Street, after which the disabled man went missing (see: \"Abduction of People\")(Citation: Russia/Chechnya: A Legacy of Abuse 1997)(Citation: Russia/Chechnya: Report to the 1996 OSCE Review Conference 1996).\n\nHuman rights defenders of Memorial write that soon after the start of the war the occupiers began to loot and destroy the property of Chechens on a mass scale, and that Russian commanders and military prosecutors did not seriously combat the looting. By Memorial's conclusion, soldiers went on looting even after the leadership of the Internal Troops of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs, in an address to the troops in February 1995, acknowledged looting, extortion and violence against peaceful Chechens(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nIn August 1996, the Armed Forces of Ichkeria liberated Grozny from the occupiers, forcing Russia to the negotiating table(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999). On 31 August 1996, peace agreements were signed in Khasavyurt (see: \"Sham Treaties\")(Citation: \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0432\u044e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 1996). On 31 December 1996, the last Russian troops left the republic(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0037", "comment": "In the autumn of 1994, Russia attacked the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria under the name of a puppet opposition, and on 11 December 1994 the Russian army openly invaded the republic. Russia installed governments under its control in Ichkeria.\n\nOn 23 November 1994 the Provisional Council, a puppet opposition, announced the creation of a \"Government of National Revival\" headed by Khadzhiyev(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). The Russian army handed the Provisional Council armored vehicles and helicopters with crews for the storming of Grozny, the capital of Ichkeria, but on 26 November the Armed Forces of Ichkeria routed the attackers' troops (see: \"Staging a Coup\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 17 December 1994, six days after the open invasion, Russian President Yeltsin, by Decree No. 2200, created an occupation administration in Ichkeria headed by Yegorov, the Russian minister for nationalities (see: \"Installation of a New System of Governance\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2116 2200 \u041e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 1994). On 26 December the puppet opposition announced Khadzhiyev's \"government\" for the second time. The \"government\" declared that it was ready for talks with Russia and did not demand the withdrawal of Russian troops(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 24 October 1995, two weeks after Moscow halted the talks with the leadership of Ichkeria, Russia replaced Khadzhiyev as head of the puppet government with Zavgayev, the last leader of the Soviet regime in Chechen-Ingushetia. On 14-17 December Russia held a \"vote\" under occupation and declared its prot\u00e9g\u00e9 the \"elected\" head of the republic (see: \"Sham Expression of Popular Will\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nAt the end of January 1996 Chernomyrdin, the chairman of the Russian government, wrote to the deputies of the Russian parliament that the results of the \"vote\" showed support for Zavgayev in the republic, and proposed to resolve the war as a dispute among Chechens themselves(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 27 May 1996 Russian President Yeltsin received in the Kremlin a delegation of Ichkeria headed by Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev, the acting president. Russia included Zavgayev in its delegation. The Chechen negotiators demanded that Moscow's prot\u00e9g\u00e9 leave the table, but the Russian side refused. Russia insisted that the head of the puppet government sign the ceasefire agreement, and the delegation of Ichkeria objected again. All members of the Russian delegation, including Zavgayev, signed the document, as did the representatives of Ichkeria. A report by the NTV correspondents Cherkasov, Rebrov and Melikhov for the program \"Itogi\" says that the Russian prot\u00e9g\u00e9 did not want to sign any agreements with Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev: \"However, the center [Moscow] gave the order and the region [the puppet government] answered 'yes, sir'\"(Citation: \u0418\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0438: \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0415\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u042f\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u041a\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435 1996).\n\nOn 14 July 1996 Russian President Yeltsin, by the decree \"On Measures to Stabilize the Activities of the Bodies of State Power of the Chechen Republic\", declared that the puppet Committee of National Accord and the \"Government of National Revival\" were no longer needed(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-96-136) 1996)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). In their place Moscow recognized the \"elected\" Zavgayev, his government, the puppet parliament and the heads of districts as the leadership of the republic(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-96-136) 1996).\n\nThe human rights defenders of Memorial write that the Russian occupation administration in fact controlled the puppet government(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). They write about Decree No. 435, by which Russian President Yeltsin on 31 March 1996 promised to halt the offensive, begin talks with Ichkeria and declare an amnesty: \"all these measures were regarded as auxiliary in the process of legitimizing [recognizing as lawful] the puppet regime\"(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). Tim Guldimann, the head of the mission of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe in Grozny from January 1996, wrote in 1998 that Moscow pushed the Armed Forces of Ichkeria southward with its troops and used Zavgayev's government to strengthen Russia's influence in the Chechen Republic(Citation: Supporting the Doves against the Hawks: Experiences of the OSCE Assistance Group to Chechnya 1998).\n\nOn 31 July 1996, at a meeting with Chechens living in Moscow, Zavgayev, the head of the puppet government, said that the Armed Forces of Ichkeria did not control most of the districts of the republic(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-96-148) 1996). On 6 August the army of Ichkeria attacked the occupiers in Grozny(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 7 August Zavgayev fled to the base of the occupation troops in Khankala, on the eastern outskirts of the city(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999), and then left the Chechen Republic(Citation: \u0414\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u0417\u0430\u0432\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0435 2001). At the end of August the police officers of the puppet government moved from their buildings to the Russian military at the Severny airport to the north of the capital(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999). The defenders liberated Grozny from the occupiers and forced Russia to the negotiating table. On 31 August 1996 Moscow signed peace agreements with the leadership of Ichkeria in Khasavyurt, a town in Russian-controlled Dagestan (see: \"Sham Treaties\")(Citation: \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0432\u044e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 1996). Until November 1996 the colonizer called the departed Zavgayev the \"head of the republic\"(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u041f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0435\u0440 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043d\u0435 1999). On 31 December 1996, the last Russian troops left Ichkeria. On 27 January 1997 the Chechens elected Aslan Maskhadov president of Ichkeria(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0162", "comment": "test", "showSubtechniques": true}, {"techniqueID": "T0109", "comment": "In the autumn of 1994, Russia attacked the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria under the name of a puppet opposition, and on 11 December 1994 the Russian army openly invaded the republic. Russia twice held \"elections\" on the seized land of Ichkeria to pass off the puppet government as chosen by the people(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nBy the autumn of 1995, the Russian army had seized Grozny, the capital of Ichkeria, and the plain in the north of the republic. On 24 October 1995, Russia put Zavgayev at the head of the puppet government in Grozny (see: \"Puppet Government\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 1 November 1995, the puppet parliament, assembled from deputies of the Soviet era, introduced the post of head of the republic. On 5 November, the deputies scheduled the election for this post for 16 December, the day of the elections to the Russian parliament. On 12 May 1996, the puppet deputies scheduled the election of a new parliament for 16 June, the day of the Russian presidential election(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nFrom 16 November 1995 until voting day, Russian servicemen at checkpoints let only people registered there into the stanitsa of Assinovskaya and the village of Sernovodsk in the west of Ichkeria, and did not let candidates and campaigners through (see: \"Transport Blockade\"). From 11 to 20 December, Shkirko, commander of the occupation troops, forbade entry into Grozny without a special pass. The occupiers at checkpoints did not let accredited journalists into the city(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 12 December 1995, the puppet parliament allowed voting at any polling station with any document(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). The Russian-controlled election commissions of the republic and of Grozny gave numbers of the city's voters that differed twofold: 120 and 250 thousand(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-95-242) 1995). Both commissions refused to show the voter lists(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nThe staff of the Assistance Group, the mission of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), left Ichkeria for the voting days in December 1995. There were no international observers at the elections. On 9 June 1996, a week before the new elections, the puppet government declared the Assistance Group undesirable (see: \"Expulsion of Foreign Missions\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 6 December 1995, Russian soldiers at checkpoints did not let delegates from the south of Ichkeria into Grozny, and the congress of supporters of Khasbulatov, the former head of the parliament in Moscow, did not take place. On 9 December, Khasbulatov, Zavgayev's main rival, withdrew from the election(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nFrom 14 to 17 December 1995, the occupiers held the vote for head of the republic. Russian troops did not control the Shali district southeast of Grozny or the mountain districts in the south, and there was no voting there. Hundreds of thousands of citizens of Ichkeria had fled the war out of the republic and could not vote(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 18 December, the Russian-controlled election commission in Grozny announced that more than 60% of the population had voted and about 90% of them had chosen Zavgayev(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 21 April 1996, Ruslan Akhtakhanov, adviser to Dzhokhar Dudayev, the president of Ichkeria, told the public tribunal of the Russian Glasnost Foundation in Moscow about the voting in Samashki, a village in the west of Ichkeria: \"The residents of Samashki said that there had been no elections in their village. <...> a week after the scheduled elections Mr. Zavgayev, sitting in a television studio, thanked the population of the republic that had supported him so vigorously. And he said that the strongest support \u2014 70-80 percent of the population \u2014 came from the village of Samashki.\" According to Ruslan Akhtakhanov, before the elections members of the Russian-controlled village administration went around the village and copied the Chechens' passports and signatures into lists. Ninety-nine percent of those who voted on 17 December, he said, were from these lists(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997).\n\nOn 14 December 1995, the Russian-controlled administration of Gudermes, the second-largest town of the republic, broadcast by radio that the elections would be held anyway and that no one would shoot at people, while the Armed Forces of Ichkeria liberated the town from the occupiers that day. On 17 December at nine in the evening, as soon as the polling stations closed, Russian pilots began bombing Gudermes (see: \"Indiscriminate Attacks\")(Citation: Caught in the Crossfire: Civilians in Gudermes and Pervomayskoye 1996).\n\nOn 10 June 1996, in Nazran, a town in Russian-controlled Ingushetia, the delegations of Russia and Ichkeria recorded in the ceasefire protocol that elections would be held after the withdrawal of Russian troops and the disarmament of the army of Ichkeria(Citation: \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0433\u043d\u044f, \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 1996). After the signing of the protocol, Lobov, the representative of the president of Russia in Ichkeria, said on Grozny television: \"I see no serious reasons for their [the elections'] cancellation or postponement, as the separatists demand\" (that is what the Russians called the government and the Armed Forces of Ichkeria)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 14-16 June, the colonizer held the election of a new parliament of the republic and of the president of Russia, although its army remained in Ichkeria. Irina Dementyeva, correspondent of the Moscow newspaper Izvestia, wrote on 20 June: \"As early as the morning of the sixteenth\u2026 the head of the republic [Zavgayev] named the percentage of those who had voted \u2014 50. An hour and a half later the chairman of the republican izbirkom [election commission]\u2026 told the same journalists: as of 12 noon, 23 percent of the voters had voted\". The Russian-controlled election commission in Grozny announced that more than 60% of the voters had voted and that Russian president Yeltsin had received more than half the votes in the Chechen Republic(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 17 and 18 June, the OSCE stated that the elections had not been free and fair and that the decision to hold them had violated the protocols of 10 June on the withdrawal of troops(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: RFE/RL Newsline, 19 June 1996 1996)(Citation: OSCE dismisses Chechnya election 1996).\n\nOn 16 June 1996, Gudermes and the villages of Bachi-Yurt, Alleroy and Tsentoroy in the east of Ichkeria did not vote. The stanitsa of Shelkovskaya in the north of the republic, the town of Shali and the villages of Kurchaloy and Vedeno southeast of Grozny did not vote(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999). After 16 June, officials and public figures of the republic confirmed in writing that there had been no elections in Gudermes, or in 64 villages, stanitsas and settlements of six districts of Ichkeria, including places where, according to official data, Russian troops were stationed. Heads of administrations subordinate to Russia signed some of these papers and certified them with seals bearing the coat of arms of Russia, and one paper was signed by the chairman and secretary of the election commission of the Gudermes district(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 3 July, in the second round of the election, there was no voting in Shali, Novye Atagi, Gekhi and Gekhi-Chu south of Grozny. The election commission closed the polling station in Urus-Martan, a town southwest of Grozny, at four in the afternoon, announcing that 98% of the voters there had already voted. According to the commissions' protocols, in the second round 74% of the voters in the Chechen Republic voted and 73% of them chose Yeltsin, and the Central Election Commission of Russia reported that it had received no information about violations(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nHuman rights defenders of Memorial write that both times the elections were not genuine and the voters could not freely express their will(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nIn August 1996, the Armed Forces of Ichkeria liberated Grozny from the occupiers, forcing Russia to the negotiating table(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999). On 31 August 1996, peace agreements were signed in Khasavyurt (see: \"Sham Treaties\")(Citation: \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0432\u044e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 1996). On 31 December 1996, the last Russian troops left the republic. On 27 January 1997, the citizens of Ichkeria elected the president and parliament of the republic. Aslan Maskhadov became president(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0088", "comment": "In the autumn of 1994, Russia attacked the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria under the name of a puppet opposition, and on 11 December 1994 the Russian army openly invaded the republic. Russia signed agreements with Ichkeria and its villages under which the defenders handed over their weapons while Russian troops stayed in the republic, and violated these agreements.\n\nRussian delegations wrote into the agreements that Russian units would leave the republic as the Armed Forces of Ichkeria handed over their weapons(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999). While the talks were going on, Russian president Yeltsin kept troops in the republic on a permanent basis by decree(Citation: \u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442 3 \u0438\u044e\u043b\u044f 1995 \u0433. \u2116 663 \u00ab\u041e \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0432\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0421\u0438\u043b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u00bb 1995)(Citation: \u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442 25 \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044f 1996 \u0433. \u2116 985 \u043e \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043b \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0412\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043b, \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 1996).\n\nOn 14 June 1995, fighters of the Armed Forces of Ichkeria took hostages in Budyonnovsk, a Russian-controlled town northwest of the republic, and demanded an end to the war. On 19 June, Russia began talks with Ichkeria in Grozny(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 20 and 21 June, the delegations signed protocols under which Russian troops would leave the republic district by district(Citation: Protocol of the Meeting of Delegations on the Issue of Peaceful Resolution of the Crisis in the Chechen Republic with OSCE Support 1995)(Citation: Conflicting parties agree to cease hostilities during talks on Chechnya (press release, 22 June 1995) 1995). On 3 July, Russian president Yeltsin signed decree No. 663: \"To permit the stationing [placing] on a permanent basis on the territory of the Chechen Republic\u2026 of military units\u2026 of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation\"(Citation: \u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442 3 \u0438\u044e\u043b\u044f 1995 \u0433. \u2116 663 \u00ab\u041e \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0432\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0421\u0438\u043b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u00bb 1995). On 27 July, the head of the Russian delegation, Minister for Nationalities Mikhailov, stated at the talks in Grozny that Russia \"no longer links the signing of the agreement on military questions to a political agreement and the status of Chechnya\"(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 30 July, the delegations signed an agreement on the cessation of hostilities. In it, the army of Ichkeria was called \"illegal armed formations\", and it was written that first the army would hand over its weapons, then the Chechens who guarded their villages with arms, then everyone else(Citation: \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f (\u041d\u043e\u0445\u0447\u0438\u0447\u044c\u043e) - \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434 \u0438\u0437\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 1995)(Citation: Agreement on the peaceful regulation of the situation in the Chechen Republic (on a set of military issues) 1995). Under the agreement, Russian troops would leave \"simultaneously with disarmament\", while a brigade of the Internal Troops of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs (predecessors of today's Rosgvardia) and a brigade of the Russian army would stay in the republic. The Russian delegation added a note to the text that the legislation of Russia does not recognize Ichkeria (see: \"Deprivation of Agency\")(Citation: \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f (\u041d\u043e\u0445\u0447\u0438\u0447\u044c\u043e) - \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434 \u0438\u0437\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 1995)(Citation: Agreement on the peaceful regulation of the situation in the Chechen Republic (on a set of military issues) 1995).\n\nAfter the agreement, fighters of the army of Ichkeria began handing over their weapons and returned to their villages, while the Russian units did not leave the republic(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999). On 9 October 1995, ten weeks after the agreement, Russia blamed supporters of Dzhokhar Dudayev, the president of Ichkeria, for an attempt on the life of Romanov, the commander of the occupation troops, suspended the talks and ordered the troops to resume the offensive (see: \"Aggressor Claiming Victim Status\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nIn the spring of 1996, the command of the occupation troops and the puppet government in Grozny signed \"Protocols on Peace and Accord\" with the villages of Ichkeria, under which a village undertook not to let fighters of the army of Ichkeria in, and Russia promised to spare it from fighting(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: Supporting the Doves against the Hawks: Experiences of the OSCE Assistance Group to Chechnya 1998). By 28 March 1996, according to the French news agency AFP, more than 120 villages had signed such protocols(Citation: RFE/RL Newsline, 28 March 1996 1996). Before the signing, Russian troops surrounded the village and shelled it (see: \"Collective Punishment\")(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). Russian pilots bombed villages that had signed the protocols (see: \"False Guarantees of Safety\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 27 May 1996, Chernomyrdin, the chairman of the Russian government, and Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev, the acting president of Ichkeria, signed a ceasefire agreement in Moscow(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 10 June, in Nazran, a town in Russian-controlled Ingushetia, the delegations of Russia and Ichkeria supplemented it with a protocol in which Russia undertook to withdraw its troops from the republic by the end of August 1996(Citation: \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0433\u043d\u044f, \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 1996). On 25 June, Russian president Yeltsin, by decree No. 985, ordered that only the units of four military districts be withdrawn by 1 September, while the formations stationed in the republic permanently were to be provided with facilities(Citation: \u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442 25 \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044f 1996 \u0433. \u2116 985 \u043e \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043b \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0412\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043b, \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 1996). On 9 July, six days after Yeltsin won the Russian presidential election, the occupiers began a new offensive (see: \"Sham Ceasefire\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 22 August, when the Armed Forces of Ichkeria had surrounded the occupiers in Grozny, General Lebed, the secretary of the Russian Security Council, and Aslan Maskhadov, the chief of the Main Staff of the Armed Forces of Ichkeria, signed a ceasefire agreement in Novye Atagi, a village south of Grozny. In it, Russia undertook to withdraw its troops from Grozny by 26 August and from the whole republic by the end of August, but began leaving the city on 28 August(Citation: \u00ab\u0417\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0432\u044e\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u00bb 2023)(Citation: Agreement \u00abOn Urgent Measures to Stop Fire and Combat Operations in the City of Grozny and on the Territory of Chechnya\u00bb 1996)(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999).\n\nThe human rights defenders of \"Memorial\" write that Russia did not take the talks with Ichkeria seriously(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 31 August 1996, after the Armed Forces of Ichkeria had liberated Grozny from the occupiers(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999), General Lebed and Aslan Maskhadov signed the peace agreements in Khasavyurt, a town in Russian-controlled Dagestan. In them, Russia and Ichkeria wrote down the renunciation of force and the threat of force in resolving disputed questions. The sides agreed to conclude an agreement on the foundations of their relations by 31 December 2001(Citation: \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0432\u044e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 1996). The last Russian troops left the republic on 31 December 1996, four months after the deadline in the agreement of Novye Atagi(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). Three years after the agreements in Khasavyurt, Russia attacked Ichkeria again. On 21 September 1999, Russian pilots began bombing Grozny, and on 29 September the Russian army invaded the republic(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0020", "comment": "In the autumn of 1994, Russia attacked the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria under the name of a puppet opposition, and on 11 December 1994 the Russian army openly invaded the republic. Russian special services and the army gave the puppet opposition money, weapons, instructors, tank crewmen and pilots in order to overthrow Dzhokhar Dudayev, the elected president of the Chechen Republic.\n\nIn the summer of 1994, Russia's Ministry for Nationalities Affairs and the FSK (a predecessor of today's FSB) helped the puppet opposition recruit armed fighters in Znamenskoye, a village in the northwest of Ichkeria, and in Urus-Martan, a town southwest of Grozny(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). Russia allocated more than 150 billion rubles to the Provisional Council, the leadership of the puppet opposition, which it had confirmed at a congress on 3 June. In an analytical memorandum, the FSK named the head of the Provisional Council the most suitable candidate for support(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 3 September 1994, the Russian government, in an address to the Chechen people, proposed that Dzhokhar Dudayev resign(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 5 September 1994, the General Staff of the Russian army ordered that 10 armored personnel carriers and 6 combat helicopters with crews be handed over to the Provisional Council(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). From these helicopters, Russian pilots fired rockets at residential houses in Ichkeria (see: \"Indiscriminate Attacks\"). In November, the Russian army handed tanks over to the council(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u041e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0448\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043c\u0430 1994).\n\nIn September and October 1994, Russian officers trained more than a hundred fighters of the Provisional Council to drive T-62 tanks and fire army mortars at the \"Prudboy\" training ground near Volgograd, a city in the south of Russia(Citation: \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u044b \u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0412\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0435 1994)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nIn October 1994, Savostyanov, the head of the Moscow directorate of the FSK, ordered that Russian soldiers and officers who knew how to maintain armored vehicles and fight in them be found for the Provisional Council. The military counterintelligence of the FSK selected the candidates(Citation: \u00ab\u041f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u00bb. \u041d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0448\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043c \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e: \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 2004). From 3 to 9 November, FSK officers travelled around military units near Moscow and signed contracts with tank crewmen(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u00ab\u041f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u00bb. \u041d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0448\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043c \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e: \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 2004).\n\nIn November 1994, Kolesnikov, the Chief of the General Staff of the Russian army, authorized sending the recruits to the Caucasus. Kotenkov, Russia's deputy minister for nationalities affairs, directed the dispatch, and by 16 November the recruits had been brought to Mozdok, a town in Russian-controlled North Ossetia near the border of the Chechen Republic(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). Russia denied that it was sending its servicemen to fight for the Provisional Council (see: \"Lies about Its Own Actions\").\n\nIn the autumn of 1994, FSK officers fought on the side of the puppet opposition(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nFrom September 1994 until the assault on Grozny on 26 November, fighters of the Provisional Council and Russian crews attacked Ichkeria. On 2 September, fighters of the council and a column of twelve tanks with Russian crews attacked Grozny. The Armed Forces of Ichkeria stopped them at the settlement of Dolinsky, northwest of Grozny, knocked out a tank and took eight men prisoner, among them, according to initial reports, Russian servicemen(Citation: \u041e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 1994)(Citation: \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u00bb \u043e\u0442 2 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 1994 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430: \u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0451\u043b\u043a\u0430 \u0414\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 1994)(Citation: \u0425\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 2026)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: Russia Confronts Chechnya: Roots of a Separatist Conflict 1998)(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-94-172) 1994). On 30 September, Russian pilots in four helicopters of the Provisional Council fired rockets at the \"Severny\" airport in Grozny and destroyed five civilian aircraft and two aircraft of the army of Ichkeria, and fighters of the puppet opposition blocked the entrances to the city(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u041e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0414\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0443 \u0441\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f 1994)(Citation: Chechen capital on war alert after raid 1994). Dzhokhar Dudayev rejected the Provisional Council's ultimatum to surrender within six hours, and the council's fighters dispersed without attacking Grozny(Citation: \u041e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0414\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0443 \u0441\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f 1994)(Citation: \u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c 1994). On 15 October, fighters of the Provisional Council stormed Grozny from the south and from the north, and the Armed Forces of Ichkeria repelled the assault. The defenders took several dozen attackers prisoner, among them, according to various reports, 12 to 15 Russian officers(Citation: \u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c 1994), and on 16 October the council's fighters retreated to their bases in Znamenskoye and in Gekhi, a village southwest of Grozny(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 17 November 1994, nine days before the assault on Grozny, a group of Russian officers headed by Kolesnikov, the Chief of the General Staff, flew from Moscow to Mozdok(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). Valery Yakov, special correspondent of the Moscow newspaper Izvestia, wrote about the preparation of the assault in November 1996: \"There, in Mozdok, at the 'Arsenal' base, the contract soldiers [recruited Russian servicemen]\u2026 trained the Chechen crews [of the Provisional Council]\u2026 In all, the contract soldiers received 40 brand-new tanks, 16 of which had 'Russian' crews\"(Citation: \u041f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 2 2025)(Citation: \u00ab\u041f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u00bb. \u041d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0448\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043c \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e: \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 2004). On 26 November, fighters of the Provisional Council and Russian tank crewmen under the command of Zhukov, the deputy commander of a Russian army corps from Volgograd, stormed Grozny(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u00ab\u041f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u00bb. \u041d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0448\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043c \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e: \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 2004). Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev, the vice president of the Chechen Republic, wrote in his memoirs that in the morning he saw the start of the assault from the window of his office in the presidential palace: \"on the northeastern outskirts of the city, from the direction of Tolstoy-Yurt [a village north of Grozny where the fighters of the Provisional Council were stationed], tank and artillery fire began to thunder\"(Citation: \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f - \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0443 1996). The tanks reached the center of Grozny, where fighters of the Armed Forces of Ichkeria shot them up with grenade launchers(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). The defenders routed the attackers and, according to the government of the Chechen Republic, took 68 Russian servicemen prisoner(Citation: Chechnya - Dudayev's Men Take Opposition Soldiers 1994). Among the prisoners were soldiers and officers of the Russian Kantemirovskaya Tank Division from near Moscow(Citation: \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u00ab\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f\u00bb 2004).\n\nHuman rights defenders of Memorial write that without Russia's military help the puppet opposition could not have overthrown Dzhokhar Dudayev(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nAfter the defeat of 26 November, the Provisional Council withdrew its fighters to its bases(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). Fifteen days later, on 11 December 1994, the Russian army openly invaded the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (see: \"Military Intervention\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0112", "comment": "In the autumn of 1994, Russia attacked the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria under the name of a puppet opposition, and on 11 December 1994 the Russian army openly invaded the republic. Russian servicemen looted museums and the homes of Chechens in Grozny, and specialists of the Russian ministry of culture took the most valuable of the surviving paintings from the ruins to Moscow.\n\nFrom 1 to 4 January 1995, the occupiers shelled the building that housed the Chechen National Museum and the Museum of Fine Arts, and burned both museums almost completely (see: \"Destruction of Historical Memory\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nUntil the spring of 1995, Russian servicemen let none of the Chechens into the ruins of the museums and plundered what had survived. The occupiers took exhibits as trophies, according to rank and position(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997).\n\nRussian soldiers loaded exhibits of the National Museum onto armored personnel carriers(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). Commanders of the occupation troops, with the help of soldiers, took more than one truckload of ancient books from the museum's manuscript department toward Mozdok, a town in North Ossetia, and Ingushetia, both under Russian control(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997).\n\nIn February 1995, officers of the FSK (a predecessor of today's FSB) packed paintings and other works of art from the ruins into a 20-ton railway container(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). At the end of March, the Russian ministry for emergency situations brought five specialists from the Russian ministry of culture and Moscow museums to Grozny. The group catalogued the works from the container(Citation: \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435: \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f 1996). Khotin, deputy director of the ministry of culture's museum center and one of the five, told the public tribunal of the Russian Glasnost Foundation in Moscow in February 1996: \"We tried to carry out of the ruins everything that could be carried out. At the same time, the state of preservation of the works was practically zero. \u2026 We conserved, made presentable and took away about 60 works of fine art\"(Citation: \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435: \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f 1996). Isa Adayev, director of the National Museum, told this tribunal in Prague in May 1996: \"The art experts who came from Moscow helped to steal things, picking out what they wanted by degree of significance. These experts left behind what they called 'useless junk'\"(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997).\n\nIn 1995, during the capture of Grozny, Russian soldiers twice looted the home library of the Chechen journalist Aslan Dukaev in the city, and his sister saved only a few books(Citation: Chechnya's Literary Pyre 2004). In 1995, after the capture of Grozny, servicemen of unit 3111 of the Dzerzhinsky Division of the Internal Troops of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs (predecessors of today's Rosgvardia) searched the house of a Chechen on the outskirts of the city and took away a collection of ancient manuscripts, books and icons that Mikhail Patalov, a former deputy director of the Grozny Philharmonic, kept there. His complaint passed through eleven levels of the prosecutor's office, the prosecutors opened a case, but it went nowhere(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nIn July 1995, the delegation of Ichkeria at the talks with Russia in Grozny demanded the return of the National Museum's exhibits. The Russian delegation verbally promised to look into it(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). Seven months later, in February 1996, the removed paintings lay in the storerooms of the Russian ministry of culture awaiting restoration(Citation: \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435: \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f 1996). In July 2002, 43 works from the Grozny Museum of Fine Arts hung in Moscow at an exhibition of the Tretyakov Gallery(Citation: Grozny's war-torn treasures 2002).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0105", "comment": "In the autumn of 1994, Russia attacked the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria under the name of a puppet opposition, and on 11 December 1994 the Russian army openly invaded the republic. The occupiers destroyed the towns and villages of Ichkeria together with their housing, hospitals and schools(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nRussian pilots and artillerymen destroyed residential neighborhoods with bombing and shelling (see: \"Indiscriminate Attacks\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). In captured villages and towns, Russian soldiers and police officers looted houses (see: \"Pillage\") and then set them on fire with gasoline, hay or flamethrowers(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995)(Citation: Russia: Partisan War in Chechnya on the Eve of the World War II Commemoration 1995)(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). After the war of 1994-1996, 60,000 families of Grozny were left without housing(Citation: \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0441 2002).\n\nThe occupiers destroyed substations, tore down power lines and blew up gas pipelines(Citation: \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435: \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f 1996)(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997).\n\nIn December 1994, Russian aviation bombed Grozny, the capital of Ichkeria. On 9 January 1995, Irina from the Third Microdistrict on the outskirts of Grozny told Human Rights Watch in Russian-controlled Ingushetia: \"Our region was the first to suffer\u2026 either December 17th or 18th, three nine-story apartment buildings of the institute 'Promavtomatika' were bombed out. People all become homeless\"(Citation: Russia. War in Chechnya. New Report From the Field 1995). On the night of 20 December, Russian pilots dropped two bombs on a block of one-story houses at the intersection of Moskovskaya Street and Noya Buachidze Street and completely or partially destroyed 18 houses(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). Russian aviation bombed a substation, and Grozny was left without electricity(Citation: \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435: \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f 1996). On 31 December 1994, the occupiers began the assault on the city. After 20 February 1995, Russian special forces set fire to and blew up houses in Grozny and destroyed pipes and power lines(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). More than two months after the start of the assault, by 6 March 1995, Russian troops had captured Grozny. On 1 May 1995, the Russian journalist Yevgenia Albats, who had been in the city in January, said at a hearing of a commission of the US Congress: \"There is no such city any more. There isn't a single house in Grozny that hasn't been destroyed one way or another by the war\"(Citation: Hearing on Chechnya (CSCE 104-1-6) 1995).\n\nOn 3 February 1995, soldiers of the Russian OMON (police special forces) and of the Internal Troops of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs (predecessors of today's Rosgvardia) searched houses in Petropavlovskaya, a stanitsa northeast of Grozny, and burned 14 houses. In all, the occupiers destroyed 86 houses in the stanitsa(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). In February 1995, Russian pilots bombed two schools, a sports school, a hospital and a kindergarten in Argun, a town east of Grozny(Citation: Russia: Three Months of War in Chechnya 1995). At the end of March 1995, Russian troops captured Gudermes, the second-largest city of Ichkeria, without a fight, and on 29 and 30 March soldiers burned houses in it with flamethrowers; on Parkhomenko Street two houses were left intact(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: Russia: Partisan War in Chechnya on the Eve of the World War II Commemoration 1995). In April 1995, Russian troops shelled for a month Alleroy, a village in the east of Ichkeria with 4,500-5,000 inhabitants. The occupiers completely destroyed a fifth of the houses of Alleroy with rockets(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 7 April 1995, the Internal Troops of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs and the OMON stormed Samashki, a village in the west of Ichkeria. Chechens in Samashki told observers of the Russian human rights organization \"Memorial\" that the soldiers and OMON men burned houses on 8 April, when they were searching the village. Russian servicemen spent the night in the school on Kooperativnaya Street, and in the morning set it on fire, and the school burned out from the inside(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995). On 10 April, a Chechen woman named Karnukayeva from Rabochaya Street told the Observer Mission of Russian human rights organizations: \"The houses are burned. I have nowhere to go now. I am left on the street hungry and cold with 4 children\"(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995). Viktor Lozinsky of \"Memorial\" examined the burned houses of Samashki from 18 April to 1 May 1995. In February 1996, he told the public tribunal of the Russian Glasnost Foundation: \"The village was being burned out systematically. The houses were set on fire like this: a window was broken with a rifle butt, and wiping cloth [rags] soaked in some diesel fuel was simply put on the windowsill and set alight\"(Citation: \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435: \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f 1996). The Observer Mission published a list drawn up by the administration of Samashki of 198 yards where the occupiers had completely destroyed at least one house, and in 155 of them almost all the houses had burned down(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995). The human rights defenders of \"Memorial\" write that the Russian military and officers of the Ministry of Internal Affairs burned most of the houses in the village deliberately(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nFrom 30 September 1995 to March 1996, Russian Internal Troops and police kept Sernovodsk, a village in the west of Ichkeria, encircled, tore down the power lines near the village and blew up the gas pipeline several times (see: \"Transport Blockade\")(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). In December 1995, after the Armed Forces of Ichkeria had liberated Gudermes, Russian troops shelled and bombed the city. According to refugees and journalists' estimates, the occupiers destroyed or damaged about 40 percent of the buildings of Gudermes(Citation: Caught in the Crossfire: Civilians in Gudermes and Pervomayskoye 1996).\n\nFrom 3 to 9 March 1996, Russian troops stormed Sernovodsk, burned or destroyed 30 percent of the houses of the village, and Russian soldiers set fire to the apartments of refugees on the northern outskirts of the village with hand-held flamethrowers(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). On 15 March 1996, 11 months after the first assault, Russian troops stormed Samashki again and razed to the ground the House of Culture and the school, which the Chechens had rebuilt. Journalists who came after the assault saw only three surviving houses in the whole village(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). On 3 and 4 April 1996, Russian pilots bombed Shalazhi, a village in the southwest of Ichkeria, and destroyed dozens of houses, the whole upper part of the village(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). On 6 April 1996, Russian troops captured Zhani-Vedeno, a mountain village of 38 yards in the southeast of Ichkeria, from which the Chechens had fled the shelling, and for a month let no one near it. When the Russian servicemen left, one intact house remained in the village, and in place of most of the houses an observer of \"Memorial\" found ashes with no traces of shells or bombs(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). From 9 to 11 July 1996, Russian artillery shelled and aviation bombed Gekhi, a village southwest of Grozny. A correspondent of the Moscow newspaper Izvestia wrote that the occupiers had destroyed more than a third of the village(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-96-139) 1996). On the night of 11 July, Russian artillerymen shelled Makhkety, a mountain village in the southeast of Ichkeria, with the Grad and Uragan multiple rocket launchers, which cannot fire with precision, and destroyed 150 houses(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-96-139) 1996). From 6 to 22 August 1996, Russian troops shelled Grozny with heavy artillery and bombed it, and on 21 August Russian pilots dropped incendiary bombs on the blocks of five-story buildings on Saikhanov and Ulyanov Streets, from which the buildings burned out from the inside(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). The bulletin of the International Committee of the Red Cross of 2 September 1996 says that after the August strikes all 80,000 people in Grozny were left without electricity and medical care: all the hospitals of the city were destroyed or badly damaged(Citation: Russian Federation/Northen Caucasus: Drinking water scarce in Grozny 1996).\n\nOn 26 July 1995, the UN Human Rights Committee, in its comments on Russia, expressed regret that the Russian armed forces had destroyed schools, hospitals and other civilian buildings(Citation: Comments of the Human Rights Committee: Russian Federation (CCPR/C/79/Add.54) 1995).\n\nIn August 1996, the Armed Forces of Ichkeria liberated Grozny from the occupiers, forcing Russia to the negotiating table(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999). On 31 August 1996, peace agreements were signed in Khasavyurt (see: \"Sham Treaties\")(Citation: \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0432\u044e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 1996). On 31 December 1996, the last Russian troops left the republic(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0107", "comment": "In the autumn of 1994, Russia attacked the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria under the name of a puppet opposition, and on 11 December 1994 the Russian army openly invaded the republic. The occupiers surrounded the villages of Ichkeria with a ring of checkpoints and did not let people or vehicles through.\n\nOn 9 December 1994, two days before the open invasion, Chernomyrdin, the chairman of the Russian government, by resolution No. 1360 ordered the Ministry of Internal Affairs to close the borders of the Chechen Republic and the Ministry of Defense to ban flights over it for the time being(Citation: \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2116 1360 \u041e\u0431 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 1994). On 1 February 1995, the occupiers blocked the border of Ichkeria with Russian-controlled Ingushetia with checkpoints(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nFrom the end of February 1995, units of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs set up checkpoints on the roads between villages in the west of Ichkeria(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995). By the end of March 1996, there were checkpoints on these roads almost every kilometer(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997).\n\nRussian servicemen at the checkpoints let into villages and towns only those who were registered as residents there(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: Daily Report: Central Eurasia (FBIS-SOV-95-241) 1995). At the posts, Russian soldiers unlawfully detained Chechen men who were leaving the surrounded villages and took them to the filtration camps in Grozny and in Mozdok, Pyatigorsk and Stavropol, Russian-controlled cities northwest of Ichkeria (see: \"Filtration Camp System\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nIn February 1995, Russian servicemen at the checkpoints near Samashki, a village in the west of Ichkeria, fired at dusk on any vehicles, including ambulances(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). In the second half of February, the soldiers at checkpoint No. 13 near the village stopped letting trucks in(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995). From 13 March 1995, Russian servicemen blocked all the roads into Samashki and for 25 days, until the assault on 7 April, kept the village under blockade(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995). On 7 April, the day of the assault on Samashki, the occupiers stopped 12 vehicles with Chechens who were leaving the village at a checkpoint of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and before the shelling began they let about a hundred people through. Some of the men among them Russian servicemen took by helicopter to the filtration camp in Mozdok, while those who had not managed to leave stayed in the village under shelling(Citation: \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1995). On 8 April, 800-1,000 people gathered at the Russian checkpoint at the crossroads of the roads from Samashki and Sernovodsk, a village in the west of Ichkeria near the border with Ingushetia. On the orders of Kulikov, the commander of the occupation troops, the commanders of the post did not let observers or Chechens from the village into Samashki. On 11 April, the Russian guards of checkpoint No. 13 did not let into Samashki Chechen women who were marching there against the war(Citation: \u0422\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438. \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f. \u0410\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044c 1995. \u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 1995).\n\nOn 30 September 1995, the Internal Troops of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs (predecessors of today's Rosgvardia) and Russian police special forces surrounded Sernovodsk. The occupiers demanded that the Chechens of the village disarm the fighters of the Armed Forces of Ichkeria and open the road to Russian military vehicles (see: \"Collective Punishment\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). According to \"Memorial\", there were more than 10,000 people in the village, according to the UN 20,000, and another more than 3,000 refugees lived in the buildings of the resort on the outskirts(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: The situation of human rights in the Republic of Chechnya of the Russian Federation. Report of the Secretary-General (E/CN.4/1996/13) 1996). On 26 October, Russian troops blocked the last road into Sernovodsk and stopped letting any vehicles into the village, including those with food (see: \"Medical and Humanitarian Blockade\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). Patricia Krokol, a representative of a British Christian community of opponents of the war, got into the village that day across a field, and on 20 April 1996 in Moscow she told the public tribunal of the Russian Glasnost Foundation: \"At 11 in the morning we got into Sernovodsk, and 40 minutes later they blocked that road too, putting up 14 tanks\"(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). In November, Russian servicemen began letting a bus with people and an ambulance into the village four times a day(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: CHECHEN REPUBLIC - RUSSIAN FEDERATION: Civilians in Sernovodsk (EXTRA 34/96, EUR 46/13/96) 1996)(Citation: Russian Federation: Human rights violations in the Chechen Republic (EUR 46/20/96) 1996).\n\nRussian troops surrounded Sernovodsk for more than five months, until the assault on 3 March 1996. On 4 March, the occupiers opened the way out of the village, but Russian soldiers and officers of the Ministry of Internal Affairs at the posts did not let people leave in their own cars. On that day, about 10,000 people left Sernovodsk. On 5 March, the occupiers again closed the entry and exit, and about 7,000 Chechen civilians remained in the village (see: \"Sham Corridor\"). With shelling, Russian troops killed and wounded hundreds of them (see: \"Indiscriminate Attacks\"). On 9 March, after the capture of Sernovodsk, Russian servicemen opened the entry into the village and the exit from it, and only then did the Chechens take out the wounded(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: CHECHEN REPUBLIC - RUSSIAN FEDERATION: Civilians in Sernovodsk (EXTRA 34/96, EUR 46/13/96) 1996)(Citation: Russian Federation: Human rights violations in the Chechen Republic (EUR 46/20/96) 1996).\n\nOn 10-11 December 1995, the Russian army surrounded Gudermes, the second-largest city of Ichkeria, east of Grozny, and let no one out of it. On 14 December, the Armed Forces of Ichkeria liberated the city, and on 19-20 December Russian troops captured it (see: \"Indiscriminate Attacks\")(Citation: Caught in the Crossfire: Civilians in Gudermes and Pervomayskoye 1996). From 11 to 20 December 1995, before the \"elections\" that Russia had scheduled in Ichkeria, Shkirko, the commander of the occupation troops, banned vehicles without passes from entering Grozny (see: \"Sham Expression of Popular Will\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 14 March 1996, units of the Internal Troops of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs and of the Russian 58th Army surrounded Samashki and let no one through the checkpoint on the southern road to the village of Novy Sharoy(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). On 19 March, the occupiers let the Chechens out of the encirclement(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). In early April 1996, Russian pilots bombed every 15-20 minutes during the day the only road from Shali, a town southeast of Grozny, to Vedeno, a district center in the mountains in the southeast of Ichkeria (see: \"Indiscriminate Attacks\"). Chechens from Vedeno and the neighboring village of Dyshne-Vedeno left along this road for the plain at night(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997). In the spring of 1996, Russian servicemen at the checkpoint near Shalazhi, a village southwest of Grozny, did not let Madina Magomadova from Grozny through to her parents, because she was registered as a resident of the city(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 20-24 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, 24-26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 1997).\n\nThe human rights defenders of \"Memorial\" write that throughout the war Russian troops surrounded the villages and towns of Ichkeria again and again, restricted or completely closed entry and exit, and soldiers at checkpoints often blocked traffic on the roads(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 10 June 1996, Russia and Ichkeria signed a protocol to the ceasefire agreement of 27 May. The Russian delegation undertook to remove the checkpoints at the exits from villages and towns by 7 July(Citation: \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0433\u043d\u044f, \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 1996). On 7 July, the command of the occupation troops refused to remove all the posts, citing the fact that the situation had not normalized (see: \"Sham Ceasefire\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 8 September 1996, Russian units began leaving their checkpoints and Ichkeria(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999)(Citation: \u0425\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430: \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c 1996 1996).\n\nIn August 1996, the Armed Forces of Ichkeria liberated Grozny from the occupiers, forcing Russia to the negotiating table(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999). On 31 August 1996, peace agreements were signed in Khasavyurt (see: \"Sham Treaties\")(Citation: \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0432\u044e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 1996). On 31 December 1996, the last Russian troops left the republic(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0111", "comment": "In the autumn of 1994, Russia attacked the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria under the name of a puppet opposition, and on 11 December 1994 the Russian army openly invaded the republic. The occupiers shielded themselves with peaceful Chechens from the fire of the Armed Forces of Ichkeria.\n\nRussian soldiers led Chechens out of the basements where they were hiding from shelling, took men from their homes and seized doctors and patients in a hospital. The occupiers put them on armored vehicles or placed them in front of themselves so that the soldiers of the army of Ichkeria would not shoot(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: Russia/Chechnya: A Legacy of Abuse 1997). Russian servicemen threatened to burn or shoot the captured Chechens if the defenders fired or did not hand over captives(Citation: \u0417\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0417\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u00ab\u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430\u00bb \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1996). Russian soldiers released some Chechens from the human shield after a few hours and took others to their bases. There the occupiers put them in pits and beat them (see: \"Torture and Abuse\")(Citation: \u0417\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0417\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u00ab\u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430\u00bb \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1996).\n\nOn 6-8 March 1996, when the army of Ichkeria encircled Russian checkpoint No. 6 in Grozny, an officer of the Russian commandant's office of the city advised the soldiers at the checkpoint over the radio to seize a couple of Chechen families and shield themselves with them. The soldiers at the post did not do so(Citation: \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439 96 1996)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u0412\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434 06.09.1996 1996).\n\nFrom 15 March 1996, the Internal Troops of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs (predecessors of today's Rosgvardia) and the Russian 58th Army stormed Samashki, a village in the west of Ichkeria (see: \"Military Intervention\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). On 17 March, Russian soldiers drove Chechens out of the basement of a house on Rabochaya Street, where they were hiding from shelling. A major, the commander of a Russian unit, forced three women and the three Kireyev boys - aged five, eleven and twelve - to climb onto an armored vehicle(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u0417\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0417\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u00ab\u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430\u00bb \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1996). Leila Gaerbekova, one of the three women on the vehicle, told the human rights defender Andrei Mironov on 4 May 1996: \"At gunpoint they put us on a tank [an armored vehicle] on Rabochaya Street. Three children, their mother Koka, me and my sister Anya Gaerbekova. <...> They placed us in front of the tank and said: 'If a single bullet comes from over there, we will burn you'. And there were no bullets from over there, nothing\". The soldiers placed almost everyone who had been hiding in the basement in front of the vehicle and led them at gunpoint for about 300 meters, to the canal in the middle of the village. Between 12 and 2 p.m., the major told the Chechens to disperse. Khizir Khachukayev, the commander of the unit of the army of Ichkeria in Samashki, told the human rights defenders of \"Memorial\" that his soldiers did not fire at the armored vehicles with people on them and were forced to retreat, and put up their main resistance in the center of the village once the occupiers had let the people out of the human shield(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010)(Citation: \u0417\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0417\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u00ab\u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430\u00bb \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1996).\n\nOn 15 March 1996, in Samashki, Russian soldiers led two elderly Chechens, the owner of a house on Vygonnaya Street and his neighbor, out of the house, put them on top of an armored vehicle and drove them around under bullets for six or seven hours. After nine in the evening, the occupiers' commander let both of them go(Citation: \u0417\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0417\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u00ab\u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430\u00bb \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1996).\n\nOn 10 August 1996, when the Armed Forces of Ichkeria were liberating Grozny, soldiers of the Internal Troops of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs searched City Hospital No. 9 in Grozny. For two days, the occupiers held about 500 patients, their relatives, doctors and nurses hostage (see: \"Hostage-Taking\"). Movsar Tembulatov, the deputy chief physician, told the human rights defenders of \"Memorial\" and Human Rights Watch in the hospital on 13 October 1996 how Russian soldiers went down into the basement: \"they put me or one of the other doctors in front as some kind of cover, with a submachine gunner behind\"(Citation: \u0417\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0417\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u00ab\u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430\u00bb \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1996)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 12 August 1996, soldiers of the army of Ichkeria repelled an attack by Russian troops trying to break through to the occupiers encircled in the hospital. The commander of the Russian servicemen in the hospital agreed to lead his soldiers out in exchange for captives and demanded 100 doctors, nurses, walking patients and their relatives as a human shield for himself. Khadis Malsagov, one of the hostages, told the human rights defenders of \"Memorial\" on 24 August 1996: \"As soon as everyone had moved away from the hospital, they [the Russian soldiers] line the women up and say they will shoot them if the captives are not handed over to them immediately\". The soldiers of Khizir Khachukayev handed over all the captives. At the gates of their base, the occupiers released the people from the human shield. When the people were returning to the hospital, Russian troops fired several dozen mortar shells at it, killed the nurse Toita Kutukhanova and wounded two nurses, two doctors and a woman patient (see: \"Indiscriminate Attacks\"). On the evening of 12 August and the morning of 13 August, the patients and medics left the hospital for the building of the International Committee of the Red Cross nearby(Citation: \u0417\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0417\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u00ab\u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430\u00bb \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1996)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nOn 12 August 1996, soldiers of the 101st Brigade of the Internal Troops of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs took men from the blocks of Grozny around the \"15th Gorodok\", their base on Lenin Street, and shielded themselves with them on the way there (see: \"Hostage-Taking\")(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010). Two of them, a father and son, the occupiers tied with wire to an armored personnel carrier, drove under fire to Khankala, the main base of the occupation troops on the eastern outskirts of the city, and released on 16 August(Citation: \u0417\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0417\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u00ab\u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430\u00bb \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1996).\n\nThe 1996 report of \"Memorial\" says that Russian servicemen and officers of Russian agencies in Ichkeria systematically took hostages and shielded themselves with human shields. According to the report, the occupiers shielded themselves with Chechens during the last six months of the war, from March to August 1996, most often the soldiers of the Internal Troops of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs(Citation: \u0417\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0417\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u00ab\u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430\u00bb \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 1996).\n\nThe prosecutors of the Russian army did not investigate how Russian troops shielded themselves with Chechens during assaults and held no one accountable for it (see: \"Impunity of Perpetrators\")(Citation: Russia/Chechnya: A Legacy of Abuse 1997)(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).\n\nIn August 1996, the Armed Forces of Ichkeria liberated Grozny from the occupiers, forcing Russia to the negotiating table(Citation: The War in Chechnya 1999). On 31 August 1996, peace agreements were signed in Khasavyurt (see: \"Sham Treaties\")(Citation: \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0432\u044e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 1996). On 31 December 1996, the last Russian troops left the republic(Citation: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f - \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f - \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 1994\u20141996 2010).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}], "gradient": {"colors": ["#ffffff", "#66b1ff"], "minValue": 0, "maxValue": 1}, "legendItems": [{"label": "used by First Russian-Chechen War (1994\u20131996)", "color": "#66b1ff"}]}