{"description": "russia-colonialism techniques used by Soviet Russia (RSFSR), ATT&CK group G0013 (v1.1)", "name": "Soviet Russia (RSFSR) (G0013)", "domain": "russia-colonialism", "versions": {"layer": "4.5", "attack": "", "navigator": "5.2.0"}, "techniques": [{"techniqueID": "T0030", "comment": "An attempt at the bureaucratic resubordination of territories \u2014 declaring the Donbas an autonomous part directly linked to Russia, bypassing any Ukrainian authorities(Citation: \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0430 \u0439 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0446\u0456 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0443 (1917\u20141939) 2021).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0101", "comment": "On 18 November 1919 the Whites' city administration in Mykolaiv ordered preliminary censorship of printed publications(Citation: \u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0443\u0440\u0435 1919). So it was in Kyiv as well: an order of general Mai-Maevsky, head of the Whites' administration, subjected all publications to military censorship - publishing only with the governor's permission, with every issue presented to the prosecutor(Citation: \u0421\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f 1919).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0159", "comment": "On 29 June 1919 the central organ of the colonial administration of Ukraine (the VUTsIK) resolved: \"To take the most energetic measures to suppress kulak uprisings and the actions of bands, applying the imposition of contributions on rebellious localities and the taking of hostages\"; the resolution was signed for the chairman of that organ by Polozov and by its secretary Lapchinsky(Citation: \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0412\u0423\u0426\u0418\u041a \u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 1919). Under this resolution it was not the one who rose who had to answer - in money and in hostages - but the whole locality at once.\n\nBy the end of the year Moscow fixed the practice for the entire army: on 11 December 1919 Trotsky, war minister of the RSFSR, and Kamenev, commander-in-chief of the RSFSR armed forces, signed secret order No. 579 - every army \"undertakes, in its area of operations, to disarm the population with the help of all means at its disposal (agitation, agent intelligence, payment for surrendered weapons in money and in kind, house-to-house searches, fines in money and in kind, collective responsibility, the hostage system, the shooting of culprits, etc., etc.),\" and the order, as stated in it, applies \"first of all to the armies entering Ukraine\"(Citation: \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u0420\u0435\u0432\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u2116 579 \u043e \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438 1919).\n\nOn 26 July 1919 Skrypnyk, plenipotentiary of the same administration's Defence Council, telegraphed from the area of Zeleny's uprising - in the same words as the orders: \"The uprising of the peasants of the Trypillia district has been suppressed... there now remains... the exaction from it of all the expenses borne by the workers' and peasants' state for the suppression,\" specifying: \"It is necessary to carry out the exaction in produce, the exaction from the peasants of the expenses caused by the uprising\"(Citation: \u0422\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u041d. \u0410. \u0421\u043a\u0440\u044b\u043f\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043e \u043b\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u0430\u043d\u0434 \u0417\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e 1919). In Mohyliv-Podilskyi, which Soviet troops captured on 5 April 1919 without a fight, the town was at once subjected to a forced payment - a telegram to the Bureau of the Ukrainian Press over the signature of Ivanitsky reported: \"there is exemplary order in the town, with which even the bourgeoisie is content, despite the imposed contribution of one and a half million\"(Citation: \u0422\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u041c\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u041f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0411\u044e\u0440\u043e \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0438 1919). The reports of the Special Investigative Commission attached to the Whites' command (the AFSR) record of Odesa: \"400 people have been sent to forced labour for non-payment of contributions,\" and of Izium in Kharkiv province: \"eyewitnesses told of the wholesale robbery of families whose relatives had gone over to the 'Kadets'\"(Citation: \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b 2004).\n\nIn Fastiv in Kyiv province the forced payment imposed on the town under the Soviet authority was paid by the Jewish community - Kh. Hofman, an officer of the Editorial Board, the body collecting testimony on the pogroms, recorded: \"The entire imposed contribution was paid almost wholly by the Jews, notwithstanding that they are poorer and considerably fewer than the Christians. Many Jews were taken hostage, sat long in prison, many had to leave Fastiv altogether\"(Citation: \u0414\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0425. \u0413\u043e\u0444\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u043c. \u0424\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u0431. 1919).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0039", "comment": "The signing of the Treaty of Riga in March 1921: a backroom division of spheres of influence and Ukrainian territories with Poland behind the back of the Ukrainian people, legalized through the formal participation of the puppet Ukrainian SSR(Citation: \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0430 \u0439 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0446\u0456 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0443 (1917\u20141939) 2021).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0008", "comment": "De facto liquidation of the Ukrainian army (the disbandment of the Ukrainian Front) and the transformation of the government of the Ukrainian SSR into a nominal appendage of the Russian administrative machine(Citation: \u0412\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438, \u0441\u0443\u0441\u043f\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0456 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438 \u043f\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0434\u044f\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0456 (1917 \u2013 1938 \u0440\u0440.) 2013).\n\nThe refusal of the White commanders to recognize Ukrainian statehood. General Denikin, as commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of South Russia, signed the programmatic address \"To the Population of Little Russia\" (August 1919), which declared the struggle for a Ukrainian state to be treason. Symon Petliura (head of the Directory of the Ukrainian People's Republic and chief otaman of its army) and his associates, the address ran, \"having begun the dismemberment of Russia, continue even now their evil work of creating an independent 'Ukrainian State' and of fighting against the rebirth of a United Russia\"(Citation: \u041a \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u041c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 1919). Denikin wrote in the first person: \"declaring Russian the state language throughout the whole expanse of Russia, I consider entirely inadmissible and prohibit the persecution of the Little Russian folk language\"(Citation: \u041a \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u041c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 1919). The promised \"prohibition of persecution\" did not recognize the language but assigned it the place of a vernacular. What remained for Ukrainian under the address were everyday life, private schools, and the first years of primary school - Denikin explained: \"to ease the pupils' assimilation of the first rudiments of knowledge\"; the \"treasonous movement\" for statehood he required to be \"completely distinguished\" from the permitted \"love for the native region\u2026 and its local folk language\"(Citation: \u041a \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u041c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 1919). Denikin allowed the people's existence and denied it political subjecthood: the striving for an independent Ukrainian state was declared treason, the language was left a vernacular. On the night of September 1, 1919, after four hours of negotiations, the Galician general Kravs and Denikin's general Bredov (according to the diary of the Supreme Command of the Ukrainian Galician Army - the commander of the Guards corps) agreed: the Galician units would withdraw from the city that same day \"at least beyond the line of the Kyiv railway stations\", then to the line Ihnativka - Vasylkiv - Hermanivka, while the Galician army guarantees that it \"will make no moves against the army of the volunteers [Denikin's Volunteer Army]\"(Citation: \u0414\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0456\u0457 1974). In the fourth point the Galician command renounced political subjecthood: \"The commander of the Kyiv group of the Galician army declares that the Galician army operates independently of Petliura's army under separate Galician command, without any political aims, and solely with the purpose of fighting the Bolsheviks\"(Citation: \u0414\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0456\u0457 1974). A day earlier, on August 30, at negotiations with the command of Denikin's 2nd brigade, its representatives demanded that the territory southeast and east of the Koziatyn - Fastiv - Kyiv railway be treated as \"the operational zone of Denikin's troops\", and that the strip between the line Fastiv - Volodarka - Saskiv - Buky and the line Bila Tserkva - Tarashcha - Lysivka - Zvenyhorodka be declared neutral; the diary records: \"We did not agree to this demand\"(Citation: \u0414\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0456\u0457 1974).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0114", "comment": "test", "showSubtechniques": true}, {"techniqueID": "T0052", "comment": "Mezhlauk, deputy war minister of the Soviet colonial administration of Ukraine (the UkrSSR), telegraphed Lenin on 5 April 1919: Ukraine must not be looked upon \"as a promised land\" of inexhaustible reserves - its resources had to be counted among the all-Russian ones as soon as possible and used under a single plan(Citation: \u0422\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u0412. \u0418. \u041c\u0435\u0436\u043b\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430 \u0412. \u0418. \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0443 1919). In the second half of April 1919 Lenin, head of the RSFSR government, proposed that the Petrograd organizations ship workers to Ukraine to replenish stocks of food and fuel: \"Continue the mobilization of workers in Piter, extending it to Ukraine and the Don... I advise sending these workers en masse to Ukraine, the Don, the East for 3 months. It is foolish to starve and perish in Piter when bread and coal can be won back\"(Citation: \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c 1919). By a decree of 12 April 1919 this administration obliged every village to hand over to the state the amount of grain assigned to it(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 9 2012). The grain was taken from Ukrainians by the administration's food ministry: it sent armed workers' detachments into the villages, and alongside them the grain was seized by detachments of the Bolsheviks' secret police - the extraordinary commissions (Cheka) - and by units of the Russian army(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 9 2012). These detachments confiscated peasants' property and implements, took hostages, and made a whole village answer for a single inhabitant. Detachments of the same ministry and of the Cheka intercepted, on roads and at railway stations, Ukrainians carrying grain for barter or sale outside the state monopoly: the food was seized, and carrying grain was punished up to and including execution(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 9 2012). Refusing to hand over property cost lives: in June 1919 agents of the Kherson district extraordinary commission detained Nykyfor Potachenko, a 24-year-old peasant of the village of Roksandrivka in Kherson district, \"for unwillingness to provide horses\"; by the commission's resolution he was shot on the night of 15 June (a local history publication gives 15 July) in the basement of the Tyulpanov house - twice he climbed out of the filled-in grave alive, and only the third execution killed him(Citation: \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b 2004).\n\nOn 14 June 1919 Lenin telegraphed Kyiv at three addresses at once - Rakovsky, head of the colonial administration, Shlikhter, its food minister, and Podvoisky, its war minister - shifting the supply of the Russian fronts onto Ukrainian grain: \"In view of the utter impossibility of provisioning the Western and Northern fronts from the exhausted stocks of the Centre, the whole weight of this state task naturally passes to the delegation of Tsekomprodarm, led by Orlov and working under Trotsky's order for the entire Russian army as a whole\"; in the same telegram he demanded that the administration's war ministry assist this delegation \"so that it can immediately move food freight to the armies of the West and North\"(Citation: \u0422\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u0425. \u0413. \u0420\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0410. \u0413. \u0428\u043b\u0438\u0445\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0443, \u041d. \u0418. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 1919). A week later, on 21 June, Lenin sent Rakovsky a telegram marked \"out of all turn\" and \"with verification of the exact time of delivery,\" setting a deadline: \"The Western army absolutely needs three trainloads of bread within the coming days. I urgently request the most energetic measures to meet this need. The extremity is utmost\"(Citation: \u0422\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u0425. \u0413. \u0420\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 1919).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0120", "comment": "Units of the Volunteer Army (the \"Whites\") captured the town of Fastiv in Kyiv province on 25 August 1919 (7 September by the modern calendar) - and on the same day began robbing the inhabitants of the town's Jewish quarters. Pakhomov, the Whites' temporary commandant, having received 25,000 roubles from a Jewish delegation, promised to take measures but refused to stop the violence at once, explaining why: \"since the troops are greatly embittered against the Jews.\" The Whites' garrison was commanded by Belogortsev. The Whites killed on a schedule: \"Towards evening all the Cossacks, regulars and partisans separately, were usually assembled for roll-call. After roll-call and prayer they scattered in groups across the town 'to work.'\" Those fleeing were caught on the railway: \"Many were taken off trains along the way and led into the forest to be shot\"(Citation: \u0414\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0425. \u0413\u043e\u0444\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u043c. \u0424\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u0431. 1919).\n\nWhen a Russian delegation came to the commandant asking him to stop the pogrom, because the Russian population had begun to suffer from it too, he asked: \"And who is doing the robbing?\" - and, on hearing that the Russian population was also taking part, replied: \"And later they will say it was the Cossacks who robbed\"(Citation: \u0414\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0425. \u0413\u043e\u0444\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u043c. \u0424\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u0431. 1919). On 23 September 1919 Kundo, the Whites' commandant in Fastiv, issued order No. 2 declaring everything settled: \"I add that measures for the protection of order in the townlet were taken long ago, all apprehensions are entirely groundless. Of all cases of robbery, violence and requisitions I request immediate notification to the commandant's office\"(Citation: \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0412\u0421\u042e\u0420 \u0432 \u043c. \u0424\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u0431. \u2116 2 1919).\n\nRabinovich, a commissioner of the Russian Red Cross, described the result of the three days thus: \"The pogrom, like a tornado, destroyed, burned and scattered the greater half of the town... From the smouldering ruins of the fires bodies of those burned in the houses were still being recovered\"(Citation: \u0421\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0413. \u0418. \u0420\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u043c. \u0424\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 1919). By 30 September 1919, 600 killed, 100 burned and 315 wounded had been counted in Fastiv - out of eight thousand Jewish inhabitants of the town, and the figure was incomplete: \"there are far more killed, since to this day bodies are being found in the woods\"(Citation: \u0414\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0425. \u0413\u043e\u0444\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u043c. \u0424\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u0431. 1919).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0028", "comment": "Soviet Russia gave the sharia courts official status and took it away within a month: the constituent congress of Soviets of the Mountain Republic in April 1921 resolved to introduce a sharia court system (sharia - Islamic law) - historians Ya. Z. Akhmadov and E. Kh. Khasmagomadov call this \"a clear (and temporary) concession to the Muslim clergy of Chechnya and Ingushetia\": \"Already in May 1921 the TsIK of the GASSR by its resolution deprived the sharia courts of financing from the state budget and of the support of state bodies\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0155", "comment": "On 26 May 1919, at the height of the uprising of Ukrainian peasants under Hryhoriv against the Soviet authority, Lenin, head of the RSFSR government, telegraphed to Kyiv to Rakovsky, head of the colonial administration of Ukraine (the UkrSSR), and to Kharkiv to Mezhlauk, its deputy war minister: \"Decree and carry into effect the complete disarming of the population, shoot on the spot mercilessly for any concealed rifle. The whole crux of the moment: a quick victory in the Donbas, the collection of all rifles from the villages, the creation of a solid army\"; he ordered the telegram read \"to all prominent Bolsheviks\"(Citation: \u0422\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u0412. \u0418. \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0425. \u0413. \u0420\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0412. \u0418. \u041c\u0435\u0436\u043b\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0443 1919). A day earlier Antonov-Ovseenko, commander of the RSFSR's Ukrainian Front, had ordered the armies \"to disarm the local population\" in their areas of operation(Citation: \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u2116 68 \u043e \u043b\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044e\u0440\u044b \u0413\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0430 1919).\n\nIn secret order No. 579 of 11 December 1919 Trotsky, war minister of the RSFSR, named the goal in a single clause - \"the unconditional and universal disarming of the village population\" of Ukraine was declared \"the basic condition of success\"(Citation: \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u0420\u0435\u0432\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u2116 579 \u043e \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438 1919).\n\nOn 26 July 1919 Skrypnyk, plenipotentiary of the same administration's Defence Council, telegraphed on the course of the disarmament from the Trypillia district: \"The disarming of the population is carried out by searches; all those guilty of concealing weapons and war materiel are handed over to the field revtribunal [the Bolsheviks' military court]\"(Citation: \u0422\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u041d. \u0410. \u0421\u043a\u0440\u044b\u043f\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043e \u043b\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u0430\u043d\u0434 \u0417\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e 1919).\n\nIn the village of Tiutkovychi in Rivne district on 6 July 1919 an assembly of village representatives, in the presence of Soviet military commissar Senichkin, resolved to surrender \"rifles, machine guns, cartridges\" and asked \"to leave the population 15 rifles and cartridges for the defence of the population against bandits\"; in the same protocol the assembly complained that Soviet soldiers were taking property arbitrarily, without a warrant(Citation: \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0443\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0434. \u0422\u044e\u0442\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0438 1919).\n\nSoviet Russia disarmed Chechen villages by military operations through all five years of the campaign. Historian E. F. Zhupikova writes: the Caucasus Labor Army \"conducted\" disarmament operations \"...in 1920; in March-August 1921 the Chechen auls of Gordali, Tsentoroy, Belgatoy, Dargo, Benoy, Vedeno, Groznensky and Shali, which had taken part in the mutiny of N. Gotsinsky, were disarmed\"(Citation: \u041f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u0432 1920-1925 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 2013). In May 1922 the troops sent into Chechnya were headed by Gikalo - secretary of the Mountain oblast committee (obkom) of the party(Citation: \u0413\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u043e (\u0411\u0421\u042d) 1971), who in the war with Denikin had commanded insurgent detachments in the mountains of Chechnya(Citation: \u041f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u0432 1920-1925 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 2013): \"The villages of Makhkety, Goity and Katyr-Yurt were subjected to disarmament, with combat aviation used against the latter. Besides the seizure of a significant quantity of weapons, up to 30 'bandits' were captured and shot, and their property was confiscated by the authorities\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). The year 1924 \"ended in the Chechen Autonomous Oblast with a large military operation to seize weapons, in the course of which almost 3 thousand rifles and about 400 revolvers and pistols were collected\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0049", "comment": "On 29 June 1919 the central organ of the colonial administration of Ukraine (the VUTsIK) resolved \"to carry out a general mobilization of workers and peasants of call-up age, beginning at 19, and in the front-line zone at 18,\" and to draft the entire \"non-labouring element\" from 18 to 45 into the rear militia - captured Ukraine was to fight for its captor - and by the same resolution it declared: \"All who resist the carrying out of the mobilization are to be deemed enemies of the people\"; it was signed for the chairman of the organ by Polozov and by secretary Lapchinsky(Citation: \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0412\u0423\u0426\u0418\u041a \u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 1919). On 26 July 1919 Skrypnyk, plenipotentiary of the same administration's Defence Council, reporting on the Trypillia district, where the army had just crushed the risen peasants, wrote: \"there now remains the mobilization of the entire population of this district\" - the men of villages that had just risen were taken into the very army that had crushed them(Citation: \u0422\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u041d. \u0410. \u0421\u043a\u0440\u044b\u043f\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043e \u043b\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u0430\u043d\u0434 \u0417\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e 1919).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0099", "comment": "On 25 May 1919 Antonov-Ovseenko, commander of the RSFSR's Ukrainian Front, disarming the villages, ordered the armies: \"beforehand, to take hostages from the kulak elements\"(Citation: \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u2116 68 \u043e \u043b\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044e\u0440\u044b \u0413\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0430 1919). On 29 June 1919 the central organ of the colonial administration of Ukraine (the VUTsIK) legalized \"the taking of hostages\" by its resolution on general mobilization(Citation: \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0412\u0423\u0426\u0418\u041a \u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 1919), and on 11 December 1919 Trotsky, war minister of the RSFSR, included \"the hostage system\" in the list of means by which the armies \"entering Ukraine\" were obliged to disarm the population(Citation: \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u0420\u0435\u0432\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u2116 579 \u043e \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438 1919).\n\nIn Zhytomyr, during the nine days of Soviet rule in March 1919, hostages sat in the secret police \"until payment of the contribution\" - until the town paid the sum imposed on it; so recorded Livshits, commissioner of the Central Committee for Aid to Pogrom Victims, noting that a considerable part of those arrested \"as hostages\" were Jews(Citation: \u0414\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u042f. \u0411. \u041b\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0432 \u0433. \u0416\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435 1919). So it was in Fastiv too: until the contribution imposed on the town was paid, Jews sat as hostages(Citation: \u0414\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0425. \u0413\u043e\u0444\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u043c. \u0424\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u0431. 1919). The occupation secret police in Kyiv held hostages as well: Rakovsky, head of the Soviet colonial administration of Ukraine, wrote to Lenin on 9 August 1919 that after the proclamation of \"red terror\" over the Hryhoriv uprising it had shot 30 hostages - former members of the monarchist organization \"Union of the Russian People,\" which staged pogroms, and former tsarist officials; when it prepared to shoot 15 more and Rakovsky with Latsis, chairman of the Ukrainian secret police, checked their biographies, only two turned out to be dangerous enemies(Citation: \u0424. \u0414\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0454\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0412\u0427\u041a \u0442\u0430 \u0412\u0423\u0427\u041a \u0443 1919 \u0440. 2013).\n\nThe removal of hostages from Kyiv during the evacuation at the end of August 1919 was described by the eyewitness Kateryna Koval-Medzvedska: \"Doctors, engineers, topographers were put on record, and in the last days, under threat of execution, they were carried off by force to Moscow. Besides that, landowners and the bigger merchants were carried off by the hundreds as hostages\"(Citation: \u0417\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0431. 8 1938).\n\nIn 1923-1924 the Chechen revkom made hostage-taking an official practice of the fight against \"banditry\": \"Measures were taken to register all criminals present in Chechnya, and the practice was introduced of taking hostages from among the close relatives of bandits in hiding\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0132", "comment": "Deliberate transfer of loyal delegates and political agitators to the All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets in Kyiv in order to hijack the agenda from within(Citation: \u0412\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438, \u0441\u0443\u0441\u043f\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0456 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438 \u043f\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0434\u044f\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0456 (1917 \u2013 1938 \u0440\u0440.) 2013).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0036", "comment": "On 1 June 1919 the central Soviet authority of Russia (the VTsIK) resolved to carry out \"a close unification of 1) the military organization and military command, 2) the councils of the national economy, 3) railway administration and management, 4) finances and 5) the commissariats of labour\" of Russia, Ukraine, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus and Crimea - \"so that the direction of the said branches of national life be concentrated in the hands of single collegiums.\" The resolution was signed by Kalinin, chairman of the VTsIK, and by secretary Serebryakov, while preserving the formula of independence word for word: the unification was carried out \"standing fully on the ground of recognition of the independence, freedom and self-determination of the toiling masses of Ukraine, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus and Crimea\"(Citation: \u0414\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442 \u0412\u0426\u0418\u041a \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u041b\u0430\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438, \u041b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u044b, \u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b \u0441 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043c 1919). Ukraine's economy, railways, finances and labour passed under Moscow's management; independence remained a word on paper.\n\nThe food ministry was not on that list: Lenin, head of the RSFSR government, subordinated it separately and in secret. On 12 June 1919 he sent a note to Kyiv: the food ministry of the colonial administration of Ukraine (the UkrSSR) was passing under the all-Russian one in both money and management - without any announcement; at the bottom of the note stood the instruction to encipher the underlined part and transmit it immediately, and on 14 June the question was put before the plenum of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik party(Citation: \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0412. \u0418. \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0435\u0432 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 1919).\n\nMoscow's seizure of direct control over the punitive apparatus through the decision to liquidate the independent All-Ukrainian Cheka (VUChK) in August 1919 and the appointment of its own special commissar, Ya. Peters(Citation: \u0412\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438, \u0441\u0443\u0441\u043f\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0456 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438 \u043f\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0434\u044f\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0456 (1917 \u2013 1938 \u0440\u0440.) 2013).\n\nSoviet Russia placed an unelected extraordinary body over Chechnya: on 3 April 1920 a congress in Grozny \"proclaimed the transfer of all power to the Chechen Revolutionary Committee of five members\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). When at the elections to the Soviets in July 1920 \"the overwhelming majority of seats in the Soviets went to... representatives of the so-called 'kulak-mullah and nationalist elements'\", the elected Soviets were dissolved - historians Ya. Z. Akhmadov and E. Kh. Khasmagomadov record: \"within a short span the peasant Soviets were dissolved twice (in August 1921 and in July 1922) and the power of the revkom was restored again\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). In the autumn of 1920 \"the Aldy congress was dispersed, and several Grozny party workers... arrested\" on the orders of Ordzhonikidze, head of the Caucasus Bureau of the Communist Party's Central Committee(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). The Mountain ASSR, which had given legal form to the highlanders' autonomy, \"did not last long and in 1924, having fulfilled its tasks as conceived by the party leadership, ceased to exist\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0113", "comment": "test", "showSubtechniques": true}, {"techniqueID": "T0128", "comment": "On 10 September 1919 colonel Matveev, temporary head of the Whites' administration in the city of Mykolaiv, issued an ordinance: all unions and societies that had not submitted their charters or had not been confirmed by the circuit court were deemed closed(Citation: \u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0430 1919). The Ukrainian enlightenment societies, grown up over the years of the revolution without confirmation under the pre-revolutionary procedure, fell under this condition wholesale: no separate order was needed to close them - it was precisely thus, by a formally neutral condition, that the Whites closed the Ukrainian societies. Historians of the Institute of History of Ukraine confirm the outcome: Ukrainian institutions under the Whites were liquidated, and Russian ones were set up in their place(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 2 2004).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0104", "comment": "The Muravyov massacre of February 1918 after the capture of Kyiv by the Red troops: the EIU characterizes Muravyov as \"the initiator of mass executions in the city,\" and later he was himself arrested on the charge of \"'condoning mass executions and lootings that led to the fall of Soviet power in Ukraine'\"(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 7 2010). Hrushevsky on the campaign's commander: \"the chief commandant, the former gendarme Muravyov, who in February had boasted of executions of Ukrainians and the ruin of their property\"(Citation: \u0406\u043b\u044e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u044f \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438 1921).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0019", "comment": "The direct deployment of Red troops, heavy fighting for the stations, and the storming of Kyiv. The march on Kyiv was led by Muravyov: he \"headed the march of Soviet troops on Kyiv in January 1918\"(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 7 2010). Overall command was exercised by Antonov-Ovseenko: \"in December 1917 - March 1918 - commissar for combating counter-revolution in the South, he led the Soviet troops in the struggle against otaman A. Kaledin and the Ukrainian Central Rada\"(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 1 2003).\n\nIn January 1918 the troops of Bolshevik Russia were advancing on Kyiv. At Kruty station the Ukrainian defense barred their way. From late December 1917 the yunkers - cadets of the 1st Kyiv Youth Military School named after Bohdan Khmelnytsky, four companies of 150 cadets each with 20 officers and 18 machine guns - under the command of Sotnyk Averkii Honcharenko held Bakhmach, a railway junction on the border of the UNR and the RSFSR(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 5 2008). On January 27 the first company of the student volunteer battalion under Sotnyk Omelchenko arrived from Kyiv to join them - 115-130 volunteers: students and senior-grade gymnasium pupils, teenagers, many of them 17 years old(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 5 2008)(Citation: \u0421\u043b\u0456\u0434\u0447\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u041c.\u0410.\u041c\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0439\u043e\u0432\u0430: \u0414\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u044f 2001). Together with the company the Ukrainian command also sent out a demolition team; the volunteers dug in on both sides of the railway line between the stations of Kruty and Plisky(Citation: \u0411\u0456\u0439 \u043f\u0456\u0434 \u041a\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c'\u044f\u0442\u0456: \u0417\u0431\u0456\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0456\u0432 \u0456 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0432 2013). The battle began on the morning of January 29, 1918. Historians of the Institute of History of Ukraine of the National Academy of Sciences write: it took place \"during the offensive on the city of Kyiv by the troops of Bolshevik Russia\", with the positions attacked by the forces of \"a 6-thousand-strong Bolshevik detachment of Petrograd and Moscow Red Guards\" led by Yegorov(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 5 2008). The fighting lasted until evening, the defenders repelled several attacks; historians put the defenders' losses at \"up to 300 killed, wounded, captured\"(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 5 2008). Toward evening Sotnyk Averkii Honcharenko ordered a withdrawal to their echelon - the detachment's train waiting two kilometers away; during the retreat part of the student company was encircled, and one platoon lost its bearings at dusk and came out at the station already held by the Red Guards - 27 captured teenagers and students were shot(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 5 2008). The defenders delayed the Red Guards' advance on Kyiv: explaining the heavy losses and the delay, Muravyov claimed in his report that the Ukrainian forces had been commanded by \"S. Petliura himself\" - as the compilers of the collection of the Ukrainian Institute of National Memory note(Citation: \u0411\u0456\u0439 \u043f\u0456\u0434 \u041a\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c'\u044f\u0442\u0456: \u0417\u0431\u0456\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0456\u0432 \u0456 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0432 2013).\n\nA full-scale offensive by the Ukrainian Front of the Red Army in early 1919 to recapture Ukrainian cities after the withdrawal of Austro-German troops(Citation: \u0412\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438, \u0441\u0443\u0441\u043f\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0456 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438 \u043f\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0434\u044f\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0456 (1917 \u2013 1938 \u0440\u0440.) 2013).\u23ceIn the summer of 1919 Ukraine was also under attack by the White army - the Armed Forces of South Russia led by General Denikin(Citation: \u041a \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u041c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 1919). The advance of Denikin's White army on Kyiv ran under the slogan of restoring a \"united and indivisible Russia\"(Citation: \u0412\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438, \u0441\u0443\u0441\u043f\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0456 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438 \u043f\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0434\u044f\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0456 (1917 \u2013 1938 \u0440\u0440.) 2013). On August 30, 1919, Kyiv, abandoned by the Reds almost without a fight, was taken by the combined Ukrainian forces - the 1st and 3rd corps of the Ukrainian Galician Army (UHA) and the Zaporizhzhia Group of the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR) under the overall command of the Galician general Kravs; for 4 p.m. the next day, Sunday, August 31, Kravs scheduled a ceremonial parade of the Ukrainian troops on Khreshchatyk with the participation of Symon Petliura, head of the UNR Directory(Citation: \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0430 \u0439 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0446\u0456 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0443 (1917\u20141939) 2021). The day after the Ukrainian armies entered the capital, Kyiv was also occupied by Denikin's troops under General Bredov, who forced the Ukrainian units out(Citation: \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0430 \u0439 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0446\u0456 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0443 (1917\u20141939) 2021). The events of August 31, 1919 became known as the \"Kyiv catastrophe\"(Citation: \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0430 \u0439 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0446\u0456 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0443 (1917\u20141939) 2021)(Citation: \u0412\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438, \u0441\u0443\u0441\u043f\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0456 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438 \u043f\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0434\u044f\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0456 (1917 \u2013 1938 \u0440\u0440.) 2013). A catastrophe this day was for the Ukrainian armies and for the statehood of the UNR: they lost the capital, taken the day before, within a single day; the armed clash on Duma Square left dead and wounded, and several hundred men were taken prisoner(Citation: \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0430 \u0439 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0446\u0456 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0443 (1917\u20141939) 2021). Historians of the Institute of History of Ukraine of the National Academy of Sciences conclude: \"the initially successful operation of the Ukrainian forces turned into a painful defeat\". Of the consequences they write: the catastrophe \"had a demoralizing effect on the Ukrainian army and deepened the divergence in the strategic aims\" of the two Ukrainian political leaderships - that of Dnieper Ukraine and that of Galicia(Citation: \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0430 \u0439 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0446\u0456 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0443 (1917\u20141939) 2021).\u23ceThe course of the day is known from the diary of the Supreme Command - the staff of the Ukrainian Galician Army. The staff described the morning of August 31 thus: at 8 o'clock Denikin's units entered the city, \"it seems - across the middle unoccupied bridge and also across the railway bridge, over which several armored trains crossed\", and positioned themselves in the southeastern suburbs(Citation: \u0414\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0456\u0457 1974). The senior Galician commander, Otaman Vimetal, agreed with Denikin's commanders on a provisional demarcation line, but between 4 and 5 p.m. Denikin's general Stackelberg, with a delegation of officers and a detachment of 100-200 men, approached the City Duma, already held by the Galicians; Kravs demanded that they be withdrawn behind the agreed line(Citation: \u0414\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0456\u0457 1974). The staff recorded the denouement thus: the assembled crowd, \"knowing of the presence of Denikin's troops in Kyiv, demanded that the Russian flag be hung on the Duma in addition to the Ukrainian one we had already planted there\", and Kravs, \"in order to calm the crowd, in which there were many former Russian officers\", permitted it with the justification \"as a banner of the common struggle of both armies against the Bolsheviks\"(Citation: \u0414\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0456\u0457 1974). Units of the Zaporizhzhia Group passing by the Duma \"tore down the Russian flag\"; shooting broke out - Denikin's detachments attacked the Galician units scattered across the city, and of the fire from roofs and balconies the diary entry reads: \"the civilian population also fired at our units\"(Citation: \u0414\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0456\u0457 1974). The day's toll in the diary: \"10 Cossacks killed\", the disarmed staff of the III Galician Corps and eleven of its companies, the guns of the Zaporizhzhia Group abandoned in the city; Kravs estimated Denikin's forces at \"at least two divisions\"(Citation: \u0414\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0456\u0457 1974). There was no battle for the city: after the shooting at the Duma \"great panic\" set in - several units were disarmed, the rest fought their way out of the city; the staff summed up: \"a unified resistance was impossible because of the panic mentioned\"(Citation: \u0414\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0456\u0457 1974). Kravs set out to negotiate with Bredov and already on his way met \"strong columns of volunteers [soldiers of Denikin's Volunteer Army]\" marching on the city(Citation: \u0414\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0456\u0457 1974).\u23ceKyiv remained with Denikin's forces. On the night of September 1 Kravs signed with Bredov an agreement on the withdrawal of the Galician units; by September 2 the group's troops were already assembling on the Ihnativka - Vasylkiv line(Citation: \u0414\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0456\u0457 1974). The withdrawal was the command's decision: the riflemen of the group, according to the entry for September 1, \"deeply dispirited by the recent events, demand a new offensive on Kyiv\"(Citation: \u0414\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0456\u0457 1974).\u23ceIn the fall of 1919 the Red Army went over to a counteroffensive, now against Denikin's forces(Citation: \u0412\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438, \u0441\u0443\u0441\u043f\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0456 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438 \u043f\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0434\u044f\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0456 (1917 \u2013 1938 \u0440\u0440.) 2013).\n\nOn December 12, 1919, the command of the Soviet Southern Front issued secret directive No. 188. The document was signed by front commander Yegorov, the future head of the USSR Stalin, and chief of staff Petin. The directive gave the invaders' army its task: \u00abto capture the city of Kyiv in the shortest possible time\u00bb(Citation: \u0414\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438 (1917\u20131922). \u0422. 2 1972). On December 16, 1919, the army of Soviet Russia (RSFSR) took Kyiv for the third time since the start of the communist revolution(Citation: \u0414\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438 (1917\u20131922). \u0422. 2 1972)(Citation: \u0412\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438, \u0441\u0443\u0441\u043f\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0456 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438 \u043f\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0434\u044f\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0456 (1917 \u2013 1938 \u0440\u0440.) 2013).\nThe Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR) is the Ukrainian state proclaimed in 1917. By December 1919 its army - eight to ten thousand soldiers, many of them sick with typhus - was pinned near Starokostiantyniv in Volhynia: the Volunteer Army of Denikin to the south and east, the Polish army to the west, the troops of Soviet Russia to the north. Contemporaries called this position the \u00abtriangle of death\u00bb(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 8 2011). At a meeting in Nova Chortoryia on December 4-6, 1919, the head of the UNR Directory Symon Petliura and the army command decided to dissolve the regular front. The UNR Army under the command of Mykhailo Omelianovych-Pavlenko set out on a raid through the rear of the Soviet and White forces: in 180 days, from December 6, 1919 to May 6, 1920, some ten thousand soldiers marched two and a half thousand kilometres across Ukraine. This raid is known as the First Winter Campaign(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 8 2011).\nThat same winter Soviet troops occupied most of Ukraine. The dates of the cities' capture, according to the front reports: December 11, 1919 - Poltava and Kharkiv, December 16 - Kupiansk, December 24 - Luhansk, January 5, 1920 - Mariupol, February 7 - Odesa(Citation: \u0414\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438 (1917\u20131922). \u0422. 2 1972). On the Right Bank the Russian occupier reached the Polish front line: Kamianets-Podilskyi, Proskuriv and Starokostiantyniv were held by the Poles(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 8 2011).\nThe UNR leadership signed an alliance with Poland and secured the support of its army in the fight against the Russian occupiers. In the spring of 1920 the armies of Poland and the UNR moved to liberate Kyiv. On May 6, 1920, Yegorov, commander of the Southwestern Front of the Soviet army, telegraphed in secret order No. 304: \u00abKyiv must fall to the enemy only at the cost of the heaviest losses on his part\u00bb(Citation: \u0414\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438 (1917\u20131922). \u0422. 3 1974). The armies of the UNR and Poland retook Kyiv: on May 7 Polish reconnaissance units rode to the centre of the city by tram, and on May 8 ten regiments of the 3rd Polish Army entered the capital(Citation: \u041d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0456\u0457 1917\u20131921 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0456\u0432: \u041a\u043d. 2 2012).\nThe occupier gathered its forces and on June 6 broke through the Polish front south of Kyiv, at Samhorodok. On June 10 the Polish troops, having blown up the Chain and Rusanivskyi bridges, withdrew from Kyiv(Citation: \u041d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0456\u0457 1917\u20131921 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0456\u0432: \u041a\u043d. 2 2012). On June 12, 1920, Yegorov reported: \u00abUnits of the 58th Division have taken Pechersk and are entering Kyiv\u00bb. The orders to cut the Kyiv - Korosten railway, issued the day before, were signed by Yegorov and Stalin(Citation: \u0414\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438 (1917\u20131922). \u0422. 3 1974).\nOn October 18, 1920, an armistice took effect on the Polish-Soviet front, and the UNR Army was left to face the invader alone(Citation: \u041d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0456\u0457 1917\u20131921 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0456\u0432: \u041a\u043d. 2 2012). By November 10 it held the front with 8,968 bayonets and 3,250 sabres, with 95 guns and 687 machine guns. Against it the Soviet command moved the 12th and 14th armies, the Bashkir cavalry brigade and Kotovsky's cavalry brigade: 24,000 bayonets, 4,000 sabres, 120 guns and five armoured trains(Citation: \u041e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0456 \u0434\u043d\u0456 \u0437\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044c\u0431\u0438 (21.XI.1920 \u2014 21.XI.1930) 1930). The occupation troops attacked first and thwarted the offensive being prepared in Podillia, in today's Vinnytsia and Khmelnytskyi oblasts. In eleven days of fighting the UNR Army lost about 13 thousand soldiers, almost all of its artillery and four armoured trains(Citation: \u041d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0456\u0457 1917\u20131921 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0456\u0432: \u041a\u043d. 2 2012).\nOn November 21, 1920, about 12 thousand UNR soldiers, together with the staff of Symon Petliura and the ministries, crossed the Zbruch River, along which ran the border with the lands ceded to Poland under the Treaty of Warsaw(Citation: \u041d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0456\u0457 1917\u20131921 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0456\u0432: \u041a\u043d. 2 2012). Mykhailo Andrusiak, a participant in the retreat, recalled: \u00abSadly, with bowed heads, the Cossacks laid down their arms after crossing the bridge and marched on to the West\u00bb(Citation: \u041e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0456\u0439 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f (\u0421\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u041c. \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0443\u0441\u044f\u043a\u0430) 1930).\nIn the autumn of 1921 the soldiers of the UNR army made a last attempt to raise a general uprising against the Soviet occupiers. This raid is known as the Second Winter Campaign, and its course is known from the report of the chief of the Field Insurgent Staff, Colonel Yurii Otmarshtein, submitted to Symon Petliura. At 2 a.m. on November 4, 1921, the detachment crossed the Polish-Ukrainian border near the village of Borove: 155 officers and officials, 645 Cossacks, 32 horses, with about 56 percent of the men armed with rifles(Citation: \u0414\u043e \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0447\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0439\u0434\u0443 \u0433\u0435\u043d. \u0445\u043e\u0440. \u042e. \u0422\u044e\u0442\u044e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0456 1921 \u0440. (\u0414\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0447\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0428\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0443) 1930). On November 7 the detachment under the overall command of Yurii Tiutiunnyk liberated the Korosten railway junction in battle and freed 600 political prisoners from the jail, but withdrew that same morning: an armoured train of the Soviet occupiers was approaching the town with guns the detachment had nothing to counter, and ammunition had to be spared. Seven officers and twelve Cossacks died in the battle(Citation: \u0414\u043e \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0447\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0439\u0434\u0443 \u0433\u0435\u043d. \u0445\u043e\u0440. \u042e. \u0422\u044e\u0442\u044e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0456 1921 \u0440. (\u0414\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0447\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0428\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0443) 1930).\nThe detachment could go no further. Half of the infantry marched without boots and with frostbitten feet, the wagon train carried up to 80 wounded, and ammunition was replenished only with what was taken from killed and captured Russians. The staff decided to turn back, towards Poland(Citation: \u0414\u043e \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0447\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0439\u0434\u0443 \u0433\u0435\u043d. \u0445\u043e\u0440. \u042e. \u0422\u044e\u0442\u044e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0456 1921 \u0440. (\u0414\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0447\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0428\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0443) 1930). The troops of the Russian invader blockaded the area of the UNR raid and on November 17 encircled the detachment near the village of Mali Mynky in the north of Zhytomyr Oblast. Over 400 soldiers died in the battle, 537 were taken prisoner, and more than a hundred broke out of the encirclement and crossed the Polish border on November 20(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 1 2003)(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 2 2004). The prisoners were taken to the village of Bazar, where 359 of them were shot(Citation: \u0412\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430 1963). The armed struggle of the regular UNR Army ended there(Citation: \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0430 \u0439 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0446\u0456 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0443 (1917\u20141939) 2021).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0021", "comment": "Coercion of legal Ukrainian parties into self-dissolution (in particular, the Borotbists in the spring of 1920) and their absorption by the CP(b)U through political blackmail and the bribery of their leaders with official posts(Citation: \u0412\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438, \u0441\u0443\u0441\u043f\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0456 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438 \u043f\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0434\u044f\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0456 (1917 \u2013 1938 \u0440\u0440.) 2013).\n\nOver Sheikh Ali Mitaev, a member of the Chechen revkom, the GPU set \"thorough surveillance\", and in the spring of 1924 it \"took the decision 'on the removal' of A. Mitaev from Chechnya. The official agreements with him were treacherously broken; he was suddenly arrested, taken to Rostov-on-Don and, after a brief investigation, shot\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005); historian E. F. Zhupikova dates the arrest to 19 April 1924 and cites the GPU's formula of accusation - \"for his connection with counter-revolutionary organizations\"(Citation: \u041f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u0432 1920-1925 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 2013). The historians call the character of the reprisal and its perpetrators by their proper names: \"The murder of A. Mitaev by the Chekists,\" write Ya. Z. Akhmadov and E. Kh. Khasmagomadov(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0164", "comment": "In 1920 the Red Army looted the Chechen villages where it was stationed: the units quartered in Chechnya, historians Ya. Z. Akhmadov and E. Kh. Khasmagomadov write, \"received almost no property or food allowance\", which pushed them into \"self-supply\" - \"...the Red Army not only ran riot, but took away grain, cattle and so forth, terrorizing the population with senseless killings\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). In the summer of 1920, in Tsentoroy, the Chechens routed a unit of the Caucasus Labor Army \"engaged in outright plunder\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). The property of the killed was taken too: during the disarmament of May 1922 \"up to 30 'bandits' were captured and shot, and their property was confiscated by the authorities\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0077", "comment": "The resistance of the villages of captured Ukraine tied down troops for the whole of 1919. On 18 April 1919 Antonov-Ovseenko, commander of the RSFSR's Ukrainian Front, reported to Vatsetis, commander-in-chief of the RSFSR armed forces, that he would give no troops for the Southern Front: \"Right now there is hard fighting at Shepetivka and Tiraspol and a hard struggle with kulak uprisings everywhere.\" Vatsetis wrote on the report: \"Carry out the order and report back\"(Citation: \u0414\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0412. \u0410. \u0410\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430-\u041e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 1919). Two weeks later, on 3 May 1919, Antonov-Ovseenko repeated his refusal and named the scale: \"30 versts from Kyiv there is a kulak uprising, up to three thousand well-armed men with 8 guns.\" Vatsetis answered as before: \"I repeat that the order must be carried out\"(Citation: \u0414\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0412. \u0410. \u0410\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430-\u041e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u042e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430 1919).\n\nFor the command, the Ukrainian peasants who had risen against the seizures were not an adversary but a hindrance to supplying the front: it regarded the Ukrainian village as a rear area to be kept in order while the main forces carried out Moscow's tasks.\n\nNaval artillery was turned on the risen villages too: on 2-5 May 1919 the armed steamers of the Dnipro river flotilla shelled Chornobyl, Pliuty and Trypillia, held by the insurgents - the vessels \"Arnold,\" \"Verny\" and \"Admiral\" are named in the operational summary one by one(Citation: \u041e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u041a\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043e \u0431\u043e\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0414\u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0438 1919).\n\nOn 25 May 1919, summing up for the armies of the front the fighting against the Ukrainian units of commander Hryhoriv, who had risen against the Soviet authority, Antonov-Ovseenko laid down the order of the mopping-up: those who surrendered were to be handed to the military tribunals of the Soviet authority, \"ringleaders and chiefs\" singled out separately, and the villages in the armies' areas of operation disarmed with the taking of hostages; the order was signed with him by commissar Savitsky and chief of staff Babin(Citation: \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u2116 68 \u043e \u043b\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044e\u0440\u044b \u0413\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0430 1919).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0037", "comment": "The holding of an alternative congress in Kharkiv and the creation of a Moscow-controlled \"People's Secretariat\" to imitate an internal struggle: it was created \"as an alternative to the Ukrainian Central Rada and the General Secretariat of the Ukrainian Central Rada\" and \"acted in close contact with and under the direct leadership of the highest state and party institutions of Soviet Russia\"(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 7 2010). The congress declared Ukraine part of Russia. In the resolution on the self-determination of Ukraine, adopted in Kharkiv on 12 (25) December 1917, the congress recognized \"the Ukrainian Republic as a federative part of the Russian Republic\" and declared \"a resolute struggle against the policy of the Central Rada, ruinous for the worker-peasant masses, exposing its bourgeois, counter-revolutionary character\"(Citation: \u0420\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f I \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0430 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u044b 1917). The congress derived its mandate from the decisions of Petrograd: in the words of the resolution, \"the principle of the right of nations to self-determination, proclaimed by the February Revolution, could be brought to life only thanks to the October Revolution, which led to the creation of the Workers' and Peasants' Government \u2014 the Council of People's Commissars\"(Citation: \u0420\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f I \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0430 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u044b 1917). The secretariat's own power came down to another state's decrees: it \"announced the overthrow of the UCR and the recognition of only its own decrees as valid. It introduced the decrees of the Council of People's Commissars of Russia in Ukraine\"(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 7 2010)(Citation: \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0430 \u0439 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0446\u0456 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0443 (1917\u20141939) 2021). Moscow kept its man inside the government as well: Serhii Bakynskyi, people's secretary for inter-national affairs, was simultaneously \"the representative of the CPC of Russia\"(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 7 2010). Historian Stanislav Kulchytsky describes the direct oversight: \"since a Ukrainian party center did not exist, Lenin placed a temporary extraordinary commissar over the Kharkiv government\" - Georgii Ordzhonikidze, an official of the central party apparatus(Citation: \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0456\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0456 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0432 \u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0439 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0456. 1917\u20141923 2024). The journal of the Istpart of the CP(b)U \"Letopis revoliutsii\" wrote in 1924: \"The All-Ukrainian government was a center without a periphery, a staff without an army, when it had neither territory, nor a population subordinate to it, nor an armed force\"(Citation: \u0412\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438, \u0441\u0443\u0441\u043f\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0456 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438 \u043f\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0434\u044f\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0456 (1917 \u2013 1938 \u0440\u0440.) 2013).\n\nOn 28 November 1918 the Central Committee of the Bolshevik party (the CC RCP(b)) created in the Russian city of Kursk a puppet government for Ukraine, which named itself the \"Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine\" - political cover for the invasion by the troops of Soviet Russia into Ukraine. By a manifesto of 29 November it proclaimed the establishment of Soviet power in Ukraine, and on 29 January 1919 it was reorganized into the Council of People's Commissars of the UkrSSR on the Russian model(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 10 2013). By a decree of 3 December 1918 - a month before the capture of Kharkiv - this government set up its own secret police: the All-Ukrainian Extraordinary Commission(Citation: \u041e\u0431 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0427\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0432\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 1919).\n\nIn the summer of 1919 Moscow took even the punitive apparatus away from the front it had created. On 11 June 1919 Shishkov, deputy chairman of the Ukrainian secret police, telegraphed the CC RCP(b) that it had no organizational ties whatsoever with the Russian one and that all local commissions in Ukraine were subordinate only to the Ukrainian, not the Moscow one(Citation: \u0422\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u0410. \u0428\u0438\u0448\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0426\u041a \u0420\u041a\u041f(\u0431) 1919). On 22 July 1919 Dzerzhinsky, head of the Russian secret police, wrote to Latsis, head of the Ukrainian one, that the Ukrainian commission's business was to carry out in Ukraine the policy of the party's Moscow centre: \"in relation to us You have become a samostiynik, become one objectively,\" and its task was \"to be the conductor of the policy of the CC RCP [the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party] in Ukraine\"(Citation: \u041f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e \u0424. \u042d. \u0414\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041c. \u0418. \u041b\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0443 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0412\u0423\u0427\u041a 1919). On 13 August 1919 the politburo of the CC RCP(b) resolved to dissolve the Ukrainian secret police, merging it with the Russian one, and charged Peters with the execution; on 14 August the politburo of the party's Ukrainian branch (the CC CP(b)U) submitted, and on 16 August Peters was appointed representative of the Russian commission attached to the colonial administration of Ukraine (the UkrSSR)(Citation: \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e \u0426\u041a \u0420\u041a\u041f(\u0431) 1919).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0162", "comment": "test", "showSubtechniques": true}, {"techniqueID": "T0031", "comment": "Transfer of control over the military affairs, finances, communications, and transport routes of the Ukrainian republic into the hands of the central bodies of the RSFSR(Citation: \u0412\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438, \u0441\u0443\u0441\u043f\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0456 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438 \u043f\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0434\u044f\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0456 (1917 \u2013 1938 \u0440\u0440.) 2013).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0133", "comment": "An attempt to convert an electoral minority into a procedural majority at the congress. Actual support was negligible: in the Constituent Assembly elections \"across the country as a whole the Bolsheviks gathered less than 24% of the votes, and in the Ukrainian gubernias only 10%\"(Citation: \u0412\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438, \u0441\u0443\u0441\u043f\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0456 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438 \u043f\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0434\u044f\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0456 (1917 \u2013 1938 \u0440\u0440.) 2013). Hence the wager on capturing representative bodies: the Central Committee of the RSDLP(b) declared outright that \"the transfer of government from the hands of one soviet party into the hands of another party is secured without any revolution, by a simple decision of the Soviets, by a simple re-election of deputies to the Soviets,\" while the All-Russian Central Executive Committee's decree of 4 December 1917 \"On the right of recall of delegates\" provided the mechanism for such a replacement(Citation: \u0412\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438, \u0441\u0443\u0441\u043f\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0456 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438 \u043f\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0434\u044f\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0456 (1917 \u2013 1938 \u0440\u0440.) 2013)(Citation: \u0414\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442 \u0412\u0426\u0418\u041a \u00ab\u041e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u00bb 1917).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0109", "comment": "The staging of a sham \"all-Ukrainian\" congress to give the seizure of power the appearance of popular will. The real All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets in Kyiv on 17-19 December 1917 did not go the Bolsheviks' way: by the time resolutions were adopted it numbered more than 2,500 delegates, \"the Bolsheviks were represented by a mere 150 delegates\", and the congress backed the Central Rada(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 1 2003). The losers did not accept the outcome. Volodymyr Zatonsky - one of them, later a member of the Kharkiv government - recalled: \"having gathered illegally in the trade-union building, the delegates of the congress, all of them Bolsheviks except two or three Left SRs, resolved to declare themselves the plenipotentiary Congress of Soviets of the Country, to elect a Central Executive Committee and a government of Soviet Ukraine and, having moved to Kharkiv, to enter into open struggle against the Central Rada\"(Citation: \u0423\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0437 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0456\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0456\u044e 1929). The new \"congress\" convened in a city already occupied by Russian troops: \"the day before the congress of soviets opened, the Central Rada's garrison in Kharkiv had been disarmed by the troops of V. Antonov-Ovseenko, whom the Council of People's Commissars had instructed to take Ukraine by force of arms\", writes historian Stanislav Kulchytsky(Citation: \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0456\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0456 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0432 \u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0439 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0456. 1917\u20141923 2024). He describes the merger thus: with the regional congress of soviets of the Donets and Kryvyi Rih basins, the newcomers \"proclaimed their congress the All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets\"(Citation: \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0456\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0456 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0432 \u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0439 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0456. 1917\u20141923 2024); historian Vladyslav Verstiuk writes that \"an alternative congress of Soviets was hastily staged\", at which \"200 delegates represented 89 soviets and military-revolutionary committees\", while \"soviets alone in Ukraine at that moment numbered over 300\"(Citation: \u041d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0456\u0457 1917\u20131921 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0456\u0432: \u041a\u043d. 1 2011). The majority of Ukraine's population stayed outside the hall - delegates from the peasants, notes historian Larysa Yakubova, \"were almost absent\", and the qualifier \"with the participation of peasant deputies\" was later scrubbed from the congress's name by Soviet historiography(Citation: \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0430 \u0439 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0446\u0456 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0443 (1917\u20141939) 2021). The assembly declared itself the All-Ukrainian Congress and proclaimed the creation of a Soviet - \"supposedly truly popular\" - UNR(Citation: \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0430 \u0439 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0446\u0456 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0443 (1917\u20141939) 2021).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0088", "comment": "Use of the \"union treaty\" format of June 1, 1919, and December 28, 1920, not to create an equal federation but as an instrument for legalizing direct, rigid rule from Moscow(Citation: \u0412\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438, \u0441\u0443\u0441\u043f\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0456 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438 \u043f\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0434\u044f\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0456 (1917 \u2013 1938 \u0440\u0440.) 2013).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0160", "comment": "On 9 May 1924 the Soviet Union, by a secret resolution of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee (TsIK), gave the OGPU \"the right of extrajudicial reprisal against bandits and their accomplices, namely: expulsion from the given locality, confinement in a concentration camp for a term of up to 3 years, and the application of the supreme measure of punishment - shooting\", and prescribed that the republics declare localities \"unfavorable in respect of banditry\", where the GPU organs \"are entitled to decide at their own discretion any case of banditry\"(Citation: \u041b\u0443\u0431\u044f\u043d\u043a\u0430. \u041e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0412\u0427\u041a-\u041e\u0413\u041f\u0423-\u041d\u041a\u0412\u0414-\u041d\u041a\u0413\u0411-\u041c\u0413\u0411-\u041c\u0412\u0414-\u041a\u0413\u0411. 1917-1991 2003). The Chechen authorities already in that same May telegraphed the center: \"Sanction the creation of a tribunal or a political troika\"(Citation: \u0425\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 2015). The troikas that went to work, \"composed of an official of the procuracy, the GPU and the first party leader, \u2014 as a rule, passed sentences in absentia \u2014 on the basis of the submitted documents, often without even questioning the accused. Of any participation of a defense in the proceedings there could be no talk\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0020", "comment": "The Bolsheviks' provocation of an uprising of the Arsenal plant workers in Kyiv itself at the very moment of the Red troops' offensive: it was \"an armed action organized by the Kyiv committee of the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party (Bolsheviks) against the Ukrainian Central Rada,\" and \"it was planned for the moment of the approach of Soviet troops to Kyiv in the course of Soviet Russia's war against the UNR of 1917\u201318\"(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 4 2007).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0131", "comment": "Use by the Council of People's Commissars of local Bolshevik cells as a legal political force that was to speak on behalf of the Ukrainian proletariat against the Central Rada(Citation: \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0430 \u0439 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0446\u0456 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0443 (1917\u20141939) 2021).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0012", "comment": "Political and military support for local radicals (the Artem group) in proclaiming a republic not subordinate to Kyiv(Citation: \u0412\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438, \u0441\u0443\u0441\u043f\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0456 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438 \u043f\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0434\u044f\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0456 (1917 \u2013 1938 \u0440\u0440.) 2013).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0022", "comment": "In captured Kyiv the occupiers shot hundreds of people over 1919: they killed at night, printed the names of the dead daily in a newspaper, and in the last week of August proclaimed a \"week of red terror.\" An eyewitness - Kateryna Koval-Medzvedska, a Kyivan who lived seven months in the city under Moscow's occupation, from February to August 1919 - recorded that on 24 August 1919 \"a 'week of red terror' was officially proclaimed - blood flowed in rivers. Peters, Voroshilov and Latsis, all-powerful that day, took no account of government members Rakovsky, Manuilsky and others who signed orders for releases from the Cheka, but ordered those people shot 'in the order of red terror.'\" The shooting was done at night: \"From 2 to 4 o'clock the sinister night silence of the unhappy, tormented city was broken by single shots and the piercing sounds of a car siren. People living near one of the 17 chekas scattered across the city understood that our brothers were being shot, their cries and groans drowned out by the red executioners with the shrill piercing sounds of sirens\"(Citation: \u0417\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0431. 8 1938).\n\nFrom 24 to 30 August inclusive the newspaper Izvestia - the organ of the Kyiv occupation authority - daily announced lists of dozens shot \"in the order of red terror\"; on 26 August \"a list was announced of 167 persons shot 'in the order of red terror'\" - among them people whose release order the eyewitness had read two days earlier in the chancellery of the central organ of the colonial administration (the VUTsIK). \"And how many people perished without announcement, simply vanished without trace!\"(Citation: \u0417\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0431. 8 1938). One of those newspaper lists survived in a reprint: Shumakher, acting head of the Whites' Information Section, reproduced in \"Summary of Information on the Atrocities and Lawlessness of the Bolsheviks\" No. 25 a list printed in the Kyiv Izvestia of people shot by the occupiers: a professor, a gymnasium teacher, merchants, house-owners, attorneys, former Kyiv governor Sukovkin, former vice-governor Neklyudov, 80-year-old Slynko(Citation: \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b 2004). The very form of the announcements came from Moscow: the RSFSR government's resolution \"On Red Terror\" of 5 September 1918, signed by justice minister Kursky and interior minister Petrovsky, required \"publishing the names of all those shot, as well as the grounds for applying this measure to them\" - the Kyiv lists with the formula \"in the order of red terror\" delivered names and grounds, exactly what the resolution demanded(Citation: \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0421\u041d\u041a \u00ab\u041e \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0435\u00bb 1918).\n\nThe head of the Soviet colonial administration of Ukraine, Rakovsky, wrote to Lenin on 9 August 1919 that the Kyiv secret police had been carried away with executions by hastily drawn-up lists and that more than 300 people had been shot in Kyiv in total(Citation: \u0424. \u0414\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0454\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0412\u0427\u041a \u0442\u0430 \u0412\u0423\u0427\u041a \u0443 1919 \u0440. 2013), while Latsis, chairman of the Ukrainian secret police, gave his own statistics in his 1920 report book: \"Shot by the Kyiv Extraordinary Commission jointly with the V.U.Ch.K. - 825\" people in 1919 up to October(Citation: \u0414\u0432\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435 1920).\n\nIn November 1921 Russian occupation troops under the command of Kotovsky encircled, near the village of Mali Mynky in the north of Zhytomyr Oblast, a detachment of soldiers of the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR) who had returned from across the Zbruch to raise an uprising against Soviet rule - this raid is known as the Second Winter Campaign(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 2 2004). The captured Ukrainians were taken to the neighbouring village of Bazar, and a visiting Russian commission (the \u00abExtraordinary Five\u00bb) sentenced 359 men to death(Citation: \u0412\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430 1963).\nThe colonizers staged a public execution for intimidation. The day before the shooting they forced the peasants of the village of Bazar to dig a long ditch in a ravine, and brought the residents of the surrounding villages to the execution site(Citation: \u0412\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430 1963). The purpose is recorded in the testimonies gathered by a courier of the Ukrainian underground who visited the site immediately after the execution: the people were herded there \u00abto deter the population from attempts to resist Soviet rule\u00bb(Citation: \u0412\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430 1963). A detachment of the invader's army surrounded the 359 captured Ukrainians in a tight ring and shot them before the eyes of their assembled compatriots(Citation: \u0412\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430 1963).\nThe calculation of intimidation is recorded in the sentence itself: the commission resolved to shoot the prisoners in order \u00abto show the entire capitalist world and its hirelings that the power of the Soviets mercilessly punishes anyone who attempts to disrupt its peaceful work\u00bb(Citation: \u0412\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430 1963).\n\nSoviet Russia carried out executions for show: \"During the Chechen congress in Grozny, by verdict of the local Cheka, 7 Chechens were demonstratively shot. The execution made such '...a devastating impression on the masses of Chechens who had not yet had time to disperse after the congress' that the command of the Caucasus Labor Army demanded that henceforth death sentences on Chechens be carried out as far away from Chechnya as possible\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}], "gradient": {"colors": ["#ffffff", "#66b1ff"], "minValue": 0, "maxValue": 1}, "legendItems": [{"label": "used by Soviet Russia (RSFSR)", "color": "#66b1ff"}, {"label": "used by a campaign attributed to Soviet Russia (RSFSR)", "color": "#ff6666"}, {"label": "used by Soviet Russia (RSFSR) and used by a campaign attributed to Soviet Russia (RSFSR)", "color": "#ff66f4"}]}