{"description": "russia-colonialism techniques used by White Movement (AFSR), ATT&CK group G0014 (v1.1)", "name": "White Movement (AFSR) (G0014)", "domain": "russia-colonialism", "versions": {"layer": "4.5", "attack": "", "navigator": "5.2.0"}, "techniques": [{"techniqueID": "T0101", "comment": "On 18 November 1919 the Whites' city administration in Mykolaiv ordered preliminary censorship of printed publications(Citation: \u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0443\u0440\u0435 1919). So it was in Kyiv as well: an order of general Mai-Maevsky, head of the Whites' administration, subjected all publications to military censorship - publishing only with the governor's permission, with every issue presented to the prosecutor(Citation: \u0421\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f 1919).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0159", "comment": "On 29 June 1919 the central organ of the colonial administration of Ukraine (the VUTsIK) resolved: \"To take the most energetic measures to suppress kulak uprisings and the actions of bands, applying the imposition of contributions on rebellious localities and the taking of hostages\"; the resolution was signed for the chairman of that organ by Polozov and by its secretary Lapchinsky(Citation: \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0412\u0423\u0426\u0418\u041a \u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 1919). Under this resolution it was not the one who rose who had to answer - in money and in hostages - but the whole locality at once.\n\nBy the end of the year Moscow fixed the practice for the entire army: on 11 December 1919 Trotsky, war minister of the RSFSR, and Kamenev, commander-in-chief of the RSFSR armed forces, signed secret order No. 579 - every army \"undertakes, in its area of operations, to disarm the population with the help of all means at its disposal (agitation, agent intelligence, payment for surrendered weapons in money and in kind, house-to-house searches, fines in money and in kind, collective responsibility, the hostage system, the shooting of culprits, etc., etc.),\" and the order, as stated in it, applies \"first of all to the armies entering Ukraine\"(Citation: \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u0420\u0435\u0432\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u2116 579 \u043e \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438 1919).\n\nOn 26 July 1919 Skrypnyk, plenipotentiary of the same administration's Defence Council, telegraphed from the area of Zeleny's uprising - in the same words as the orders: \"The uprising of the peasants of the Trypillia district has been suppressed... there now remains... the exaction from it of all the expenses borne by the workers' and peasants' state for the suppression,\" specifying: \"It is necessary to carry out the exaction in produce, the exaction from the peasants of the expenses caused by the uprising\"(Citation: \u0422\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u041d. \u0410. \u0421\u043a\u0440\u044b\u043f\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043e \u043b\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u0430\u043d\u0434 \u0417\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e 1919). In Mohyliv-Podilskyi, which Soviet troops captured on 5 April 1919 without a fight, the town was at once subjected to a forced payment - a telegram to the Bureau of the Ukrainian Press over the signature of Ivanitsky reported: \"there is exemplary order in the town, with which even the bourgeoisie is content, despite the imposed contribution of one and a half million\"(Citation: \u0422\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u041c\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u041f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0411\u044e\u0440\u043e \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0438 1919). The reports of the Special Investigative Commission attached to the Whites' command (the AFSR) record of Odesa: \"400 people have been sent to forced labour for non-payment of contributions,\" and of Izium in Kharkiv province: \"eyewitnesses told of the wholesale robbery of families whose relatives had gone over to the 'Kadets'\"(Citation: \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b 2004).\n\nIn Fastiv in Kyiv province the forced payment imposed on the town under the Soviet authority was paid by the Jewish community - Kh. Hofman, an officer of the Editorial Board, the body collecting testimony on the pogroms, recorded: \"The entire imposed contribution was paid almost wholly by the Jews, notwithstanding that they are poorer and considerably fewer than the Christians. Many Jews were taken hostage, sat long in prison, many had to leave Fastiv altogether\"(Citation: \u0414\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0425. \u0413\u043e\u0444\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u043c. \u0424\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u0431. 1919).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0008", "comment": "The refusal of the White commanders to recognize Ukrainian statehood. General Denikin, as commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of South Russia, signed the programmatic address \"To the Population of Little Russia\" (August 1919), which declared the struggle for a Ukrainian state to be treason. Symon Petliura (head of the Directory of the Ukrainian People's Republic and chief otaman of its army) and his associates, the address ran, \"having begun the dismemberment of Russia, continue even now their evil work of creating an independent 'Ukrainian State' and of fighting against the rebirth of a United Russia\"(Citation: \u041a \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u041c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 1919). Denikin wrote in the first person: \"declaring Russian the state language throughout the whole expanse of Russia, I consider entirely inadmissible and prohibit the persecution of the Little Russian folk language\"(Citation: \u041a \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u041c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 1919). The promised \"prohibition of persecution\" did not recognize the language but assigned it the place of a vernacular. What remained for Ukrainian under the address were everyday life, private schools, and the first years of primary school - Denikin explained: \"to ease the pupils' assimilation of the first rudiments of knowledge\"; the \"treasonous movement\" for statehood he required to be \"completely distinguished\" from the permitted \"love for the native region\u2026 and its local folk language\"(Citation: \u041a \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u041c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 1919). Denikin allowed the people's existence and denied it political subjecthood: the striving for an independent Ukrainian state was declared treason, the language was left a vernacular. On the night of September 1, 1919, after four hours of negotiations, the Galician general Kravs and Denikin's general Bredov (according to the diary of the Supreme Command of the Ukrainian Galician Army - the commander of the Guards corps) agreed: the Galician units would withdraw from the city that same day \"at least beyond the line of the Kyiv railway stations\", then to the line Ihnativka - Vasylkiv - Hermanivka, while the Galician army guarantees that it \"will make no moves against the army of the volunteers [Denikin's Volunteer Army]\"(Citation: \u0414\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0456\u0457 1974). In the fourth point the Galician command renounced political subjecthood: \"The commander of the Kyiv group of the Galician army declares that the Galician army operates independently of Petliura's army under separate Galician command, without any political aims, and solely with the purpose of fighting the Bolsheviks\"(Citation: \u0414\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0456\u0457 1974). A day earlier, on August 30, at negotiations with the command of Denikin's 2nd brigade, its representatives demanded that the territory southeast and east of the Koziatyn - Fastiv - Kyiv railway be treated as \"the operational zone of Denikin's troops\", and that the strip between the line Fastiv - Volodarka - Saskiv - Buky and the line Bila Tserkva - Tarashcha - Lysivka - Zvenyhorodka be declared neutral; the diary records: \"We did not agree to this demand\"(Citation: \u0414\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0456\u0457 1974).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0163", "comment": "After capturing Alkhan-Yurt at the end of March 1919 the Volunteer Army for a month did not let the residents bury their dead - historians Ya. Z. Akhmadov and E. Kh. Khasmagomadov write: \"As a punishment for the stubborn resistance, the White command for the course of a month did not permit the bodies of the village's fallen defenders to be committed to the earth\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0114", "comment": "test", "showSubtechniques": true}, {"techniqueID": "T0052", "comment": "Mezhlauk, deputy war minister of the Soviet colonial administration of Ukraine (the UkrSSR), telegraphed Lenin on 5 April 1919: Ukraine must not be looked upon \"as a promised land\" of inexhaustible reserves - its resources had to be counted among the all-Russian ones as soon as possible and used under a single plan(Citation: \u0422\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u0412. \u0418. \u041c\u0435\u0436\u043b\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430 \u0412. \u0418. \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0443 1919). In the second half of April 1919 Lenin, head of the RSFSR government, proposed that the Petrograd organizations ship workers to Ukraine to replenish stocks of food and fuel: \"Continue the mobilization of workers in Piter, extending it to Ukraine and the Don... I advise sending these workers en masse to Ukraine, the Don, the East for 3 months. It is foolish to starve and perish in Piter when bread and coal can be won back\"(Citation: \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c 1919). By a decree of 12 April 1919 this administration obliged every village to hand over to the state the amount of grain assigned to it(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 9 2012). The grain was taken from Ukrainians by the administration's food ministry: it sent armed workers' detachments into the villages, and alongside them the grain was seized by detachments of the Bolsheviks' secret police - the extraordinary commissions (Cheka) - and by units of the Russian army(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 9 2012). These detachments confiscated peasants' property and implements, took hostages, and made a whole village answer for a single inhabitant. Detachments of the same ministry and of the Cheka intercepted, on roads and at railway stations, Ukrainians carrying grain for barter or sale outside the state monopoly: the food was seized, and carrying grain was punished up to and including execution(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 9 2012). Refusing to hand over property cost lives: in June 1919 agents of the Kherson district extraordinary commission detained Nykyfor Potachenko, a 24-year-old peasant of the village of Roksandrivka in Kherson district, \"for unwillingness to provide horses\"; by the commission's resolution he was shot on the night of 15 June (a local history publication gives 15 July) in the basement of the Tyulpanov house - twice he climbed out of the filled-in grave alive, and only the third execution killed him(Citation: \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b 2004).\n\nOn 14 June 1919 Lenin telegraphed Kyiv at three addresses at once - Rakovsky, head of the colonial administration, Shlikhter, its food minister, and Podvoisky, its war minister - shifting the supply of the Russian fronts onto Ukrainian grain: \"In view of the utter impossibility of provisioning the Western and Northern fronts from the exhausted stocks of the Centre, the whole weight of this state task naturally passes to the delegation of Tsekomprodarm, led by Orlov and working under Trotsky's order for the entire Russian army as a whole\"; in the same telegram he demanded that the administration's war ministry assist this delegation \"so that it can immediately move food freight to the armies of the West and North\"(Citation: \u0422\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u0425. \u0413. \u0420\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0410. \u0413. \u0428\u043b\u0438\u0445\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0443, \u041d. \u0418. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 1919). A week later, on 21 June, Lenin sent Rakovsky a telegram marked \"out of all turn\" and \"with verification of the exact time of delivery,\" setting a deadline: \"The Western army absolutely needs three trainloads of bread within the coming days. I urgently request the most energetic measures to meet this need. The extremity is utmost\"(Citation: \u0422\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u0425. \u0413. \u0420\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 1919).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0120", "comment": "Units of the Volunteer Army (the \"Whites\") captured the town of Fastiv in Kyiv province on 25 August 1919 (7 September by the modern calendar) - and on the same day began robbing the inhabitants of the town's Jewish quarters. Pakhomov, the Whites' temporary commandant, having received 25,000 roubles from a Jewish delegation, promised to take measures but refused to stop the violence at once, explaining why: \"since the troops are greatly embittered against the Jews.\" The Whites' garrison was commanded by Belogortsev. The Whites killed on a schedule: \"Towards evening all the Cossacks, regulars and partisans separately, were usually assembled for roll-call. After roll-call and prayer they scattered in groups across the town 'to work.'\" Those fleeing were caught on the railway: \"Many were taken off trains along the way and led into the forest to be shot\"(Citation: \u0414\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0425. \u0413\u043e\u0444\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u043c. \u0424\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u0431. 1919).\n\nWhen a Russian delegation came to the commandant asking him to stop the pogrom, because the Russian population had begun to suffer from it too, he asked: \"And who is doing the robbing?\" - and, on hearing that the Russian population was also taking part, replied: \"And later they will say it was the Cossacks who robbed\"(Citation: \u0414\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0425. \u0413\u043e\u0444\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u043c. \u0424\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u0431. 1919). On 23 September 1919 Kundo, the Whites' commandant in Fastiv, issued order No. 2 declaring everything settled: \"I add that measures for the protection of order in the townlet were taken long ago, all apprehensions are entirely groundless. Of all cases of robbery, violence and requisitions I request immediate notification to the commandant's office\"(Citation: \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0412\u0421\u042e\u0420 \u0432 \u043c. \u0424\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u0431. \u2116 2 1919).\n\nRabinovich, a commissioner of the Russian Red Cross, described the result of the three days thus: \"The pogrom, like a tornado, destroyed, burned and scattered the greater half of the town... From the smouldering ruins of the fires bodies of those burned in the houses were still being recovered\"(Citation: \u0421\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0413. \u0418. \u0420\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u043c. \u0424\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 1919). By 30 September 1919, 600 killed, 100 burned and 315 wounded had been counted in Fastiv - out of eight thousand Jewish inhabitants of the town, and the figure was incomplete: \"there are far more killed, since to this day bodies are being found in the woods\"(Citation: \u0414\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0425. \u0413\u043e\u0444\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u043c. \u0424\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u0431. 1919).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0155", "comment": "On 26 May 1919, at the height of the uprising of Ukrainian peasants under Hryhoriv against the Soviet authority, Lenin, head of the RSFSR government, telegraphed to Kyiv to Rakovsky, head of the colonial administration of Ukraine (the UkrSSR), and to Kharkiv to Mezhlauk, its deputy war minister: \"Decree and carry into effect the complete disarming of the population, shoot on the spot mercilessly for any concealed rifle. The whole crux of the moment: a quick victory in the Donbas, the collection of all rifles from the villages, the creation of a solid army\"; he ordered the telegram read \"to all prominent Bolsheviks\"(Citation: \u0422\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u0412. \u0418. \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0425. \u0413. \u0420\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0412. \u0418. \u041c\u0435\u0436\u043b\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0443 1919). A day earlier Antonov-Ovseenko, commander of the RSFSR's Ukrainian Front, had ordered the armies \"to disarm the local population\" in their areas of operation(Citation: \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u2116 68 \u043e \u043b\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044e\u0440\u044b \u0413\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0430 1919).\n\nIn secret order No. 579 of 11 December 1919 Trotsky, war minister of the RSFSR, named the goal in a single clause - \"the unconditional and universal disarming of the village population\" of Ukraine was declared \"the basic condition of success\"(Citation: \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u0420\u0435\u0432\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u2116 579 \u043e \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438 1919).\n\nOn 26 July 1919 Skrypnyk, plenipotentiary of the same administration's Defence Council, telegraphed on the course of the disarmament from the Trypillia district: \"The disarming of the population is carried out by searches; all those guilty of concealing weapons and war materiel are handed over to the field revtribunal [the Bolsheviks' military court]\"(Citation: \u0422\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u041d. \u0410. \u0421\u043a\u0440\u044b\u043f\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043e \u043b\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u0430\u043d\u0434 \u0417\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e 1919).\n\nIn the village of Tiutkovychi in Rivne district on 6 July 1919 an assembly of village representatives, in the presence of Soviet military commissar Senichkin, resolved to surrender \"rifles, machine guns, cartridges\" and asked \"to leave the population 15 rifles and cartridges for the defence of the population against bandits\"; in the same protocol the assembly complained that Soviet soldiers were taking property arbitrarily, without a warrant(Citation: \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0443\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0434. \u0422\u044e\u0442\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0438 1919).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0049", "comment": "In February 1919 the Volunteer Army announced at the congress in Aldy a mobilization of the highlanders - at the villages' own expense: \"the villages were obliged to equip and maintain the mobilized at their own cost\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). General Aliev, the appointed ruler of Chechnya, carried out the mobilization: \"The 200-300 horsemen assembled in this way (together with Kabardians and Ingush) took part in the suppression of peasant unrest in the Stavropol region\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). Historian E. F. Zhupikova conveys the conclusion of the researcher P. Aptekar on the causes of the Chechens' uprising against Denikin: \"the forcible mobilizations and requisitions of provisions for Denikin's army\"(Citation: \u041f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u0432 1920-1925 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 2013).\n\nOn 29 June 1919 the central organ of the colonial administration of Ukraine (the VUTsIK) resolved \"to carry out a general mobilization of workers and peasants of call-up age, beginning at 19, and in the front-line zone at 18,\" and to draft the entire \"non-labouring element\" from 18 to 45 into the rear militia - captured Ukraine was to fight for its captor - and by the same resolution it declared: \"All who resist the carrying out of the mobilization are to be deemed enemies of the people\"; it was signed for the chairman of the organ by Polozov and by secretary Lapchinsky(Citation: \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0412\u0423\u0426\u0418\u041a \u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 1919). On 26 July 1919 Skrypnyk, plenipotentiary of the same administration's Defence Council, reporting on the Trypillia district, where the army had just crushed the risen peasants, wrote: \"there now remains the mobilization of the entire population of this district\" - the men of villages that had just risen were taken into the very army that had crushed them(Citation: \u0422\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u041d. \u0410. \u0421\u043a\u0440\u044b\u043f\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043e \u043b\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u0430\u043d\u0434 \u0417\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e 1919).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0147", "comment": "On 19 February 1919 General Lyakhov, at a congress of Chechnya's representatives in Aldy, announced the demands of the Volunteer Army, including mobilization: \"These demands were put forward in the form of an ultimatum and were not subject to discussion,\" write historians Ya. Z. Akhmadov and E. Kh. Khasmagomadov, and the congress left the ultimatum without an answer(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). In April 1919 the command put forward a new ultimatum: \"the complete submission of the Chechens to the appointed ruler of Chechnya, the handing over of all Red Army men, Bolsheviks and abreks, as well as of all the valuables carried off into Chechnya by the Red Army... the return of the pilfered materials from the railway and the organization of deliveries of provisions and fodder for the army\"; for failure to fulfill a separate demand - to immediately return a group of Cossacks captured in the vicinity of the village - the army took Tsatsan-Yurt by storm(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0156", "comment": "In February 1919 the Volunteer Army demanded, through the Mountain government, the handing over of all Red Army men sheltering in Chechnya: \"About 700 people were indeed prepared for handover, but this action met the resolute resistance of the Goity Soviet and the open discontent of the people,\" write historians Ya. Z. Akhmadov and E. Kh. Khasmagomadov (the Goity Soviet - the soviet of the village of Goity); General Shatilov reported: \"...unrest is taking place among the Chechens, as part of them do not want the Bolsheviks handed over\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). The demand to hand over \"all Red Army men, Bolsheviks and abreks\" entered the April ultimatum as well(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0099", "comment": "On 25 May 1919 Antonov-Ovseenko, commander of the RSFSR's Ukrainian Front, disarming the villages, ordered the armies: \"beforehand, to take hostages from the kulak elements\"(Citation: \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u2116 68 \u043e \u043b\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044e\u0440\u044b \u0413\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0430 1919). On 29 June 1919 the central organ of the colonial administration of Ukraine (the VUTsIK) legalized \"the taking of hostages\" by its resolution on general mobilization(Citation: \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0412\u0423\u0426\u0418\u041a \u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 1919), and on 11 December 1919 Trotsky, war minister of the RSFSR, included \"the hostage system\" in the list of means by which the armies \"entering Ukraine\" were obliged to disarm the population(Citation: \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u0420\u0435\u0432\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u2116 579 \u043e \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438 1919).\n\nIn Zhytomyr, during the nine days of Soviet rule in March 1919, hostages sat in the secret police \"until payment of the contribution\" - until the town paid the sum imposed on it; so recorded Livshits, commissioner of the Central Committee for Aid to Pogrom Victims, noting that a considerable part of those arrested \"as hostages\" were Jews(Citation: \u0414\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u042f. \u0411. \u041b\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0432 \u0433. \u0416\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435 1919). So it was in Fastiv too: until the contribution imposed on the town was paid, Jews sat as hostages(Citation: \u0414\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0425. \u0413\u043e\u0444\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u043c. \u0424\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u0431. 1919). The occupation secret police in Kyiv held hostages as well: Rakovsky, head of the Soviet colonial administration of Ukraine, wrote to Lenin on 9 August 1919 that after the proclamation of \"red terror\" over the Hryhoriv uprising it had shot 30 hostages - former members of the monarchist organization \"Union of the Russian People,\" which staged pogroms, and former tsarist officials; when it prepared to shoot 15 more and Rakovsky with Latsis, chairman of the Ukrainian secret police, checked their biographies, only two turned out to be dangerous enemies(Citation: \u0424. \u0414\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0454\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0412\u0427\u041a \u0442\u0430 \u0412\u0423\u0427\u041a \u0443 1919 \u0440. 2013).\n\nThe removal of hostages from Kyiv during the evacuation at the end of August 1919 was described by the eyewitness Kateryna Koval-Medzvedska: \"Doctors, engineers, topographers were put on record, and in the last days, under threat of execution, they were carried off by force to Moscow. Besides that, landowners and the bigger merchants were carried off by the hundreds as hostages\"(Citation: \u0417\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0431. 8 1938).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0036", "comment": "On 1 June 1919 the central Soviet authority of Russia (the VTsIK) resolved to carry out \"a close unification of 1) the military organization and military command, 2) the councils of the national economy, 3) railway administration and management, 4) finances and 5) the commissariats of labour\" of Russia, Ukraine, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus and Crimea - \"so that the direction of the said branches of national life be concentrated in the hands of single collegiums.\" The resolution was signed by Kalinin, chairman of the VTsIK, and by secretary Serebryakov, while preserving the formula of independence word for word: the unification was carried out \"standing fully on the ground of recognition of the independence, freedom and self-determination of the toiling masses of Ukraine, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus and Crimea\"(Citation: \u0414\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442 \u0412\u0426\u0418\u041a \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u041b\u0430\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438, \u041b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u044b, \u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b \u0441 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043c 1919). Ukraine's economy, railways, finances and labour passed under Moscow's management; independence remained a word on paper.\n\nThe food ministry was not on that list: Lenin, head of the RSFSR government, subordinated it separately and in secret. On 12 June 1919 he sent a note to Kyiv: the food ministry of the colonial administration of Ukraine (the UkrSSR) was passing under the all-Russian one in both money and management - without any announcement; at the bottom of the note stood the instruction to encipher the underlined part and transmit it immediately, and on 14 June the question was put before the plenum of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik party(Citation: \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0412. \u0418. \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0435\u0432 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 1919).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0113", "comment": "test", "showSubtechniques": true}, {"techniqueID": "T0128", "comment": "On 10 September 1919 colonel Matveev, temporary head of the Whites' administration in the city of Mykolaiv, issued an ordinance: all unions and societies that had not submitted their charters or had not been confirmed by the circuit court were deemed closed(Citation: \u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0430 1919). The Ukrainian enlightenment societies, grown up over the years of the revolution without confirmation under the pre-revolutionary procedure, fell under this condition wholesale: no separate order was needed to close them - it was precisely thus, by a formally neutral condition, that the Whites closed the Ukrainian societies. Historians of the Institute of History of Ukraine confirm the outcome: Ukrainian institutions under the Whites were liquidated, and Russian ones were set up in their place(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 2 2004).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0019", "comment": "A full-scale offensive by the Ukrainian Front of the Red Army in early 1919 to recapture Ukrainian cities after the withdrawal of Austro-German troops(Citation: \u0412\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438, \u0441\u0443\u0441\u043f\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0456 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438 \u043f\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0434\u044f\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0456 (1917 \u2013 1938 \u0440\u0440.) 2013).\u23ceIn the summer of 1919 Ukraine was also under attack by the White army - the Armed Forces of South Russia led by General Denikin(Citation: \u041a \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u041c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 1919). The advance of Denikin's White army on Kyiv ran under the slogan of restoring a \"united and indivisible Russia\"(Citation: \u0412\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438, \u0441\u0443\u0441\u043f\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0456 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438 \u043f\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0434\u044f\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0456 (1917 \u2013 1938 \u0440\u0440.) 2013). On August 30, 1919, Kyiv, abandoned by the Reds almost without a fight, was taken by the combined Ukrainian forces - the 1st and 3rd corps of the Ukrainian Galician Army (UHA) and the Zaporizhzhia Group of the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR) under the overall command of the Galician general Kravs; for 4 p.m. the next day, Sunday, August 31, Kravs scheduled a ceremonial parade of the Ukrainian troops on Khreshchatyk with the participation of Symon Petliura, head of the UNR Directory(Citation: \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0430 \u0439 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0446\u0456 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0443 (1917\u20141939) 2021). The day after the Ukrainian armies entered the capital, Kyiv was also occupied by Denikin's troops under General Bredov, who forced the Ukrainian units out(Citation: \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0430 \u0439 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0446\u0456 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0443 (1917\u20141939) 2021). The events of August 31, 1919 became known as the \"Kyiv catastrophe\"(Citation: \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0430 \u0439 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0446\u0456 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0443 (1917\u20141939) 2021)(Citation: \u0412\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438, \u0441\u0443\u0441\u043f\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0456 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438 \u043f\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0434\u044f\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0456 (1917 \u2013 1938 \u0440\u0440.) 2013). A catastrophe this day was for the Ukrainian armies and for the statehood of the UNR: they lost the capital, taken the day before, within a single day; the armed clash on Duma Square left dead and wounded, and several hundred men were taken prisoner(Citation: \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0430 \u0439 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0446\u0456 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0443 (1917\u20141939) 2021). Historians of the Institute of History of Ukraine of the National Academy of Sciences conclude: \"the initially successful operation of the Ukrainian forces turned into a painful defeat\". Of the consequences they write: the catastrophe \"had a demoralizing effect on the Ukrainian army and deepened the divergence in the strategic aims\" of the two Ukrainian political leaderships - that of Dnieper Ukraine and that of Galicia(Citation: \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0430 \u0439 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0446\u0456 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0443 (1917\u20141939) 2021).\u23ceThe course of the day is known from the diary of the Supreme Command - the staff of the Ukrainian Galician Army. The staff described the morning of August 31 thus: at 8 o'clock Denikin's units entered the city, \"it seems - across the middle unoccupied bridge and also across the railway bridge, over which several armored trains crossed\", and positioned themselves in the southeastern suburbs(Citation: \u0414\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0456\u0457 1974). The senior Galician commander, Otaman Vimetal, agreed with Denikin's commanders on a provisional demarcation line, but between 4 and 5 p.m. Denikin's general Stackelberg, with a delegation of officers and a detachment of 100-200 men, approached the City Duma, already held by the Galicians; Kravs demanded that they be withdrawn behind the agreed line(Citation: \u0414\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0456\u0457 1974). The staff recorded the denouement thus: the assembled crowd, \"knowing of the presence of Denikin's troops in Kyiv, demanded that the Russian flag be hung on the Duma in addition to the Ukrainian one we had already planted there\", and Kravs, \"in order to calm the crowd, in which there were many former Russian officers\", permitted it with the justification \"as a banner of the common struggle of both armies against the Bolsheviks\"(Citation: \u0414\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0456\u0457 1974). Units of the Zaporizhzhia Group passing by the Duma \"tore down the Russian flag\"; shooting broke out - Denikin's detachments attacked the Galician units scattered across the city, and of the fire from roofs and balconies the diary entry reads: \"the civilian population also fired at our units\"(Citation: \u0414\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0456\u0457 1974). The day's toll in the diary: \"10 Cossacks killed\", the disarmed staff of the III Galician Corps and eleven of its companies, the guns of the Zaporizhzhia Group abandoned in the city; Kravs estimated Denikin's forces at \"at least two divisions\"(Citation: \u0414\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0456\u0457 1974). There was no battle for the city: after the shooting at the Duma \"great panic\" set in - several units were disarmed, the rest fought their way out of the city; the staff summed up: \"a unified resistance was impossible because of the panic mentioned\"(Citation: \u0414\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0456\u0457 1974). Kravs set out to negotiate with Bredov and already on his way met \"strong columns of volunteers [soldiers of Denikin's Volunteer Army]\" marching on the city(Citation: \u0414\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0456\u0457 1974).\u23ceKyiv remained with Denikin's forces. On the night of September 1 Kravs signed with Bredov an agreement on the withdrawal of the Galician units; by September 2 the group's troops were already assembling on the Ihnativka - Vasylkiv line(Citation: \u0414\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0456\u0457 1974). The withdrawal was the command's decision: the riflemen of the group, according to the entry for September 1, \"deeply dispirited by the recent events, demand a new offensive on Kyiv\"(Citation: \u0414\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0456\u0457 1974).\u23ceIn the fall of 1919 the Red Army went over to a counteroffensive, now against Denikin's forces(Citation: \u0412\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438, \u0441\u0443\u0441\u043f\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0456 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438 \u043f\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0434\u044f\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0456 (1917 \u2013 1938 \u0440\u0440.) 2013).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0077", "comment": "At the end of February 1919 four regiments of the Volunteer Army - the division of General Shatilov - attacked the village of Goity with artillery, for its refusal to hand over the Red Army men sheltering there; detachments from the surrounding villages came to its aid, and the Denikinites retreated toward Grozny(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). On 23 March the army struck from Grozny at Gudermes(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). From 27 to 30 March battles raged for Alkhan-Yurt: \"The shelling of the village was conducted by 24 guns and an armored train that had taken position near the Ermolovskaya stanitsa... the village was captured\"; more than 400 of its defenders died(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). For failure to fulfill the demand to return captured Cossacks the army stormed Tsatsan-Yurt - historians Ya. Z. Akhmadov and E. Kh. Khasmagomadov write: \"On 9 April 1919 the White troops attacked and by nightfall captured the village of Tsatsan-Yurt. In the course of the fierce battle more than 500 people died on the Chechen side, including over 400 Tsatsan-Yurt villagers proper\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). In October the command threw against Chechnya a force of 15 thousand soldiers and officers taken off the advance on Moscow: \"On 5 October stubborn three-day battles began for Chechen-Aul, after which the villages situated near the railway were subjected to a new devastation\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005).\n\nThe resistance of the villages of captured Ukraine tied down troops for the whole of 1919. On 18 April 1919 Antonov-Ovseenko, commander of the RSFSR's Ukrainian Front, reported to Vatsetis, commander-in-chief of the RSFSR armed forces, that he would give no troops for the Southern Front: \"Right now there is hard fighting at Shepetivka and Tiraspol and a hard struggle with kulak uprisings everywhere.\" Vatsetis wrote on the report: \"Carry out the order and report back\"(Citation: \u0414\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0412. \u0410. \u0410\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430-\u041e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 1919). Two weeks later, on 3 May 1919, Antonov-Ovseenko repeated his refusal and named the scale: \"30 versts from Kyiv there is a kulak uprising, up to three thousand well-armed men with 8 guns.\" Vatsetis answered as before: \"I repeat that the order must be carried out\"(Citation: \u0414\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0412. \u0410. \u0410\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430-\u041e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u042e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430 1919).\n\nFor the command, the Ukrainian peasants who had risen against the seizures were not an adversary but a hindrance to supplying the front: it regarded the Ukrainian village as a rear area to be kept in order while the main forces carried out Moscow's tasks.\n\nNaval artillery was turned on the risen villages too: on 2-5 May 1919 the armed steamers of the Dnipro river flotilla shelled Chornobyl, Pliuty and Trypillia, held by the insurgents - the vessels \"Arnold,\" \"Verny\" and \"Admiral\" are named in the operational summary one by one(Citation: \u041e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u041a\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043e \u0431\u043e\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0414\u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0438 1919).\n\nOn 25 May 1919, summing up for the armies of the front the fighting against the Ukrainian units of commander Hryhoriv, who had risen against the Soviet authority, Antonov-Ovseenko laid down the order of the mopping-up: those who surrendered were to be handed to the military tribunals of the Soviet authority, \"ringleaders and chiefs\" singled out separately, and the villages in the armies' areas of operation disarmed with the taking of hostages; the order was signed with him by commissar Savitsky and chief of staff Babin(Citation: \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u2116 68 \u043e \u043b\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044e\u0440\u044b \u0413\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0430 1919).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0037", "comment": "In 1919 General Denikin refused to recognize the Mountain government and dissolved it(Citation: \u041f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u0432 1920-1925 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 2013); General Lyakhov, appointed ruler of the Terek oblast, agreed to regard the republic's parliament as no more than \"a consultative organ attached to his person\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). As ruler of Chechnya the Volunteer Army appointed a general from among the Chechens - historians Ya. Z. Akhmadov and E. Kh. Khasmagomadov write: \"As Ruler of Chechnya on behalf of the Volunteer Army was appointed a well-known military man - General Eriskhan (Iriskhan) Aliev, a Chechen by origin\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). On 29 March 1919 Denikin convened a conference in Grozny - as the same historians write, one \"called upon to put an end to the bloodshed and to confirm E. Aliev as ruler of Chechnya\" - attended by representatives of 42 villages, mostly supporters of the Atagi Soviet (the Chechen National Council, which sat in Starye Atagi), entrepreneurs and part of the clergy(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005).\n\nOn 28 November 1918 the Central Committee of the Bolshevik party (the CC RCP(b)) created in the Russian city of Kursk a puppet government for Ukraine, which named itself the \"Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine\" - political cover for the invasion by the troops of Soviet Russia into Ukraine. By a manifesto of 29 November it proclaimed the establishment of Soviet power in Ukraine, and on 29 January 1919 it was reorganized into the Council of People's Commissars of the UkrSSR on the Russian model(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 10 2013). By a decree of 3 December 1918 - a month before the capture of Kharkiv - this government set up its own secret police: the All-Ukrainian Extraordinary Commission(Citation: \u041e\u0431 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0427\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0432\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 1919).\n\nIn the summer of 1919 Moscow took even the punitive apparatus away from the front it had created. On 11 June 1919 Shishkov, deputy chairman of the Ukrainian secret police, telegraphed the CC RCP(b) that it had no organizational ties whatsoever with the Russian one and that all local commissions in Ukraine were subordinate only to the Ukrainian, not the Moscow one(Citation: \u0422\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u0410. \u0428\u0438\u0448\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0426\u041a \u0420\u041a\u041f(\u0431) 1919). On 22 July 1919 Dzerzhinsky, head of the Russian secret police, wrote to Latsis, head of the Ukrainian one, that the Ukrainian commission's business was to carry out in Ukraine the policy of the party's Moscow centre: \"in relation to us You have become a samostiynik, become one objectively,\" and its task was \"to be the conductor of the policy of the CC RCP [the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party] in Ukraine\"(Citation: \u041f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e \u0424. \u042d. \u0414\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041c. \u0418. \u041b\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0443 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0412\u0423\u0427\u041a 1919). On 13 August 1919 the politburo of the CC RCP(b) resolved to dissolve the Ukrainian secret police, merging it with the Russian one, and charged Peters with the execution; on 14 August the politburo of the party's Ukrainian branch (the CC CP(b)U) submitted, and on 16 August Peters was appointed representative of the Russian commission attached to the colonial administration of Ukraine (the UkrSSR)(Citation: \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e \u0426\u041a \u0420\u041a\u041f(\u0431) 1919).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0162", "comment": "test", "showSubtechniques": true}, {"techniqueID": "T0022", "comment": "The Volunteer Army answered the uprising in Grozny in December 1919 with mass executions: after the suppression of the rising on the night of 23 December the insurgent leader Gikalo reported: \"Right now there are nightmarish reprisals in Grozny: 79 people have been hanged and a mass of people shot\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005).\n\nIn captured Kyiv the occupiers shot hundreds of people over 1919: they killed at night, printed the names of the dead daily in a newspaper, and in the last week of August proclaimed a \"week of red terror.\" An eyewitness - Kateryna Koval-Medzvedska, a Kyivan who lived seven months in the city under Moscow's occupation, from February to August 1919 - recorded that on 24 August 1919 \"a 'week of red terror' was officially proclaimed - blood flowed in rivers. Peters, Voroshilov and Latsis, all-powerful that day, took no account of government members Rakovsky, Manuilsky and others who signed orders for releases from the Cheka, but ordered those people shot 'in the order of red terror.'\" The shooting was done at night: \"From 2 to 4 o'clock the sinister night silence of the unhappy, tormented city was broken by single shots and the piercing sounds of a car siren. People living near one of the 17 chekas scattered across the city understood that our brothers were being shot, their cries and groans drowned out by the red executioners with the shrill piercing sounds of sirens\"(Citation: \u0417\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0431. 8 1938).\n\nFrom 24 to 30 August inclusive the newspaper Izvestia - the organ of the Kyiv occupation authority - daily announced lists of dozens shot \"in the order of red terror\"; on 26 August \"a list was announced of 167 persons shot 'in the order of red terror'\" - among them people whose release order the eyewitness had read two days earlier in the chancellery of the central organ of the colonial administration (the VUTsIK). \"And how many people perished without announcement, simply vanished without trace!\"(Citation: \u0417\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0431. 8 1938). One of those newspaper lists survived in a reprint: Shumakher, acting head of the Whites' Information Section, reproduced in \"Summary of Information on the Atrocities and Lawlessness of the Bolsheviks\" No. 25 a list printed in the Kyiv Izvestia of people shot by the occupiers: a professor, a gymnasium teacher, merchants, house-owners, attorneys, former Kyiv governor Sukovkin, former vice-governor Neklyudov, 80-year-old Slynko(Citation: \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b 2004). The very form of the announcements came from Moscow: the RSFSR government's resolution \"On Red Terror\" of 5 September 1918, signed by justice minister Kursky and interior minister Petrovsky, required \"publishing the names of all those shot, as well as the grounds for applying this measure to them\" - the Kyiv lists with the formula \"in the order of red terror\" delivered names and grounds, exactly what the resolution demanded(Citation: \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0421\u041d\u041a \u00ab\u041e \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0435\u00bb 1918).\n\nThe head of the Soviet colonial administration of Ukraine, Rakovsky, wrote to Lenin on 9 August 1919 that the Kyiv secret police had been carried away with executions by hastily drawn-up lists and that more than 300 people had been shot in Kyiv in total(Citation: \u0424. \u0414\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0454\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0412\u0427\u041a \u0442\u0430 \u0412\u0423\u0427\u041a \u0443 1919 \u0440. 2013), while Latsis, chairman of the Ukrainian secret police, gave his own statistics in his 1920 report book: \"Shot by the Kyiv Extraordinary Commission jointly with the V.U.Ch.K. - 825\" people in 1919 up to October(Citation: \u0414\u0432\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435 1920).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0105", "comment": "In its March offensive along the railway the Volunteer Army destroyed villages to the ground: \"for several days stubborn battles went on, in the course of which the villages of Berdykel and Ustar-Gordoy ended up completely destroyed, and a number of other villages were captured\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). The year's count is kept by the Soviet survey cited by historian E. F. Zhupikova: 21 destroyed auls (27 in another publication of the same source) with 15 thousand dead(Citation: \u041f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u0432 1920-1925 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 2013). The Chechen historian A. G. Avtorkhanov, who wrote of these events in emigration, gives both the motive and a list by name: the highlanders' desire \"to arrange their state life at their own discretion\" Denikin construed as \"national Bolshevism\", \"hence the policy of burning auls and the extermination of the unsubmissive highlanders\", and \"to break the resistance of the Chechens and the Ingush, Denikin burned to the ground dozens of the largest centers of Chechnya-Ingushetia - Ekazhevo, Dolakovo, Alkhan-Yurt, Chechen-Aul, Ustar-Gardoy, Gudermes, Gerzel-Aul, Stary-Yurt and others\" (Ekazhevo and Dolakovo are Ingush villages)(Citation: \u0423\u0431\u0438\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e-\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0443\u0448\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u041d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 1952).", "score": 1, "color": "#ff66f4", "showSubtechniques": false}], "gradient": {"colors": ["#ffffff", "#66b1ff"], "minValue": 0, "maxValue": 1}, "legendItems": [{"label": "used by White Movement (AFSR)", "color": "#66b1ff"}, {"label": "used by a campaign attributed to White Movement (AFSR)", "color": "#ff6666"}, {"label": "used by White Movement (AFSR) and used by a campaign attributed to White Movement (AFSR)", "color": "#ff66f4"}]}