{"description": "russia-colonialism techniques used by Government, ATT&CK software S0008 (v1.1)", "name": "Government (S0008)", "domain": "russia-colonialism", "versions": {"layer": "4.5", "attack": "", "navigator": "5.2.0"}, "techniques": [{"techniqueID": "T0030", "comment": "The legal codification of the territory's division. Moscow deliberately fragmented a once unified country, turning such important regions as Zaporizhzhia into rightless buffer zones under joint administration: \"...Zaporizhzhia (which under the treaty of 1667 was under the joint rule of Moscow and Warsaw)\"(Citation: \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d \u041c\u0430\u0437\u0435\u043f\u0430 \u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u00bb 2011).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0005", "comment": "The Russian Empire shifted the blame for the devastation it had wrought onto the victimized people itself. In a proclamation to the inhabitants of the Chechen land, the commander-in-chief in the Caucasus, General Tormasov, presented the pogrom of 1807 as a consequence of the inhabitants' own actions: \u00abthe raids and depredations that you carried out within the borders of Russia brought upon you righteous wrath\u2026 you yourselves were the cause of the misfortune that befell you three years ago\u00bb \u2014 and threatened a new invasion, \u00abto bring sword and flame upon the guilty\u00bb, offering \u00abmercy\u00bb in exchange for submission(Citation: \u0410\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u044e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u044e. \u0422\u043e\u043c IV (1809-1811) 1870).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0017", "comment": "The official annexation of the occupied lands: the western Ukrainian lands were incorporated into the USSR under the treaty with Germany of September 28, 1939(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 6 2009), and \"after the Red Army occupied Bessarabia and Northern Bukovyna at the end of June 1940, on August 2, 1940 the Supreme Soviet of the USSR annexed Northern Bukovyna and the Khotyn, Akkerman, and Izmail districts of Bessarabia to the Ukrainian SSR\"(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 1 2003).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0121", "comment": "Confiscation of absolutely all food, including the extraction of seed stocks, through the mechanism of crushing grain procurement quotas, which led to mass deadly famine(Citation: \u0412\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438, \u0441\u0443\u0441\u043f\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0456 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438 \u043f\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0434\u044f\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0456 (1917 \u2013 1938 \u0440\u0440.) 2013).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0015", "comment": "General Kundukhov, until then himself head of the Chechen okrug, received from the Viceroy \"a most delicate assignment \u2013 to conduct unofficial negotiations with the Turkish government on carrying out a mass resettlement of the Chechens\" and a written instruction \"to proceed to arouse among the Chechen population a striving to leave for Turkey\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). For the agitation he received 5 thousand rubles from the treasury(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005); the historian Z. Kh. Ibragimova writes of 10 thousand \"for the 'discreet remuneration' of three or four persons most popular among the population, that is, for bribing influential figures\"(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a 2007); Kundukhov personally was paid 45 thousand rubles \"ostensibly for property left behind in Russia,\" with the treasury's total expenses exceeding 130 thousand(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). Kundukhov himself described in his memoirs the recruitment of the Chechen leadership in February 1865: having invited the naib (an administrator of a district installed by the authorities) of Lesser Chechnya Sadulla Osmanov (in other sources - Saadula Osmayev) and the elder of the Karabulak society Tsugov, he achieved that \"They all agreed to resettle without the slightest objection... and swore to prepare for resettlement\"(Citation: \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u044b \u0432 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435 1998). Osmanov was no outside appointee: in the consolidated list of the Imamate's naibs he stands as \"Saadulla Osmanov of Nikhaloy (naib of Lesser Chechnya)\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005) - a man who had fought alongside Shamil, and who for an imperial salary and land drove his own people to Turkey. The price of the purchase is visible on him too: he governed his naibstvo for eight years, received 550 desiatinas of land for his service, swore on the Quran to assist the resettlement \"to the end\" and undertook to lead the second wave of those departing - going ahead of the first was a condition of payment of the reward(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a 2007). He worked in such a way that even the head of the Terek oblast, General Loris-Melikov, admitted the naib was \"overdoing it,\" spreading distorted rumours, and wanted to rid himself as soon as possible of the too-hotheaded agitator(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a 2007).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0101", "comment": "The introduction of censorship over book printing by Peter I's decree of 5 October 1720: \"no new books whatsoever are to be printed except previous church editions, and even those old church books\u2026 are to be corrected before printing\"(Citation: \u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 I \u043e \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 1720).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0150", "comment": "The government of the Tsardom of Muscovy organized expeditions to study and inventory natural resources in the territories of the Indigenous population: historian Ya. Z. Akhmadov records the 1717 \"survey of mineral springs and other natural riches of the Terek River (including the Bragun warm springs) by Doctor Gottlieb Schober on the assignment of Peter I\"(Citation: \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e-\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435. \u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b. \u0422\u043e\u043c I 2019).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0139", "comment": "The government of the Tsardom of Muscovy consolidated militarized settlements on the border with the lands of the Nokhchi to strengthen control: historian Ya. Z. Akhmadov states that in 1711\u20131712 \"the small Greben Cossack towns along the Terek were merged, by order of Tsar Peter I, into 5 stanitsas - from Chervlyonnaya to Kurdyukovskaya\"(Citation: \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e-\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435. \u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b. \u0422\u043e\u043c I 2019).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0141", "comment": "The economic squeezing of peasants onto the imperial frontier under the guise of free choice: \"during 1906\u201312 about 1 million people left Ukraine for Asiatic Russia. The largest number of resettlers came from Left-Bank Ukraine, whose peasantry suffered from land scarcity\"(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 9 2012); land and credit were unobtainable at home, while \"Low land prices beyond the Urals and encouraging government credits\u2026 attracted the poor peasantry and prompted it to migrate\"(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 9 2012) \u2013 state coercion was disguised as voluntary resettlement.", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0003", "comment": "The systematic imposition of the metropole's logic of superiority. Researchers reconstruct Katkov's logic thus: \"a nation must be a tribe capable of creating a state; only a state nation can establish order in a given territory; tribes incapable of creating a state have to submit to the state nation\"(Citation: \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c \u041c. \u041d. \u041a\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 2018). Katkov himself wrote: \"In the recognition of a nation the question of power, of government, of the state is decided\"(Citation: \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c \u041c. \u041d. \u041a\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 2018). Hrushevsky records both the thesis and its reach: Valuev invoked an imaginary \"majority of Little Russians\" who allegedly \"know neither a Ukrainian nationality nor language, only one Russian people and tongue,\" while the ideology's mouthpieces carried it to the formula \"there are no Ruthenians \u2014 there is only one 'Russian people' from the Carpathians to Kamchatka\"(Citation: \u0406\u043b\u044e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u044f \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438 1921).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0115", "comment": "The monarch's secret instruction on the cultural digestion of the land: \"Little Russia, Livonia, and Finland are provinces governed by the privileges confirmed to them\u2026 These provinces, as well as Smolensk, must by the easiest means be brought to the point where they become Russified and cease looking to the forest like wolves\"(Citation: \u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044b II \u043a\u043d\u044f\u0437\u044e \u0412\u044f\u0437\u0435\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 1764).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": true}, {"techniqueID": "T0006", "comment": "The government of the Russian Empire deliberately constructed an image of the Indigenous population as criminal savages: historian Michael Khodarkovsky records that in administration documents the highlanders were labeled as \"inconstant and treacherous,\" while their actions were explained by references to their \"predatory craft, to which they are predisposed by their very nature and upbringing\"(Citation: Of Christianity, Enlightenment, and Colonialism: Russia in the North Caucasus, 1550\u20131800 1999).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0117", "comment": "test", "showSubtechniques": true}, {"techniqueID": "T0010", "comment": "The official refusal to recognize the language and identity \u2013 the formula of Valuev's circular (1863): \"there was not, is not, and cannot be any distinct Little Russian language, and their dialect, used by the common folk, is the same Russian language, only spoiled by Poland's influence upon it\"(Citation: \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0443\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u0440\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440 1863).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0127", "comment": "In the summer of 1865 a fifth of the Chechen people left Chechnya - and almost half of those who left perished. The first families set out from Vladikavkaz on 28 May 1865; the last crossed the border on 10 September(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a 2007); the historian D. A. Khozhayev draws up the tally: \"23,057 people (5 thousand families) of Chechens, Karabulaks and Ingush leave their native land for Turkey\"(Citation: \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u044b \u0432 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435 1998); historians Ya. Z. Akhmadov and E. Kh. Khasmagomadov reckon \"up to 23 thousand Chechens,\" of whom more than 4.5 thousand families were inhabitants of Lesser Chechnya and the Ichkerinsky okrug, and in all in the 1860s \"up to 20% of the total number of Chechens\" were expelled(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). The dying began at once: the historian Z. Kh. Ibragimova writes - \"In the course of the resettlement about 40,000 highlanders of the Terek oblast perished, which was slightly less than half of all those who had left\"; according to the dispatches of the Russian consul, in Trebizond in 1864 some 180-250 people were dying each day, in Samsun - 200(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a 2007). The lands allotted for settlement \"were unfit for agriculture \u2013 stony and barren\"(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a 2007); the colony of Ras al-Ayn, where mainly Chechens had been settled, shrank by 1878 from 4-5 thousand families to 500(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a 2007). The muhajirs themselves - as those who left were called, from the Arabic \"muhajir,\" a migrant - wrote to the head of the Terek oblast: \"We have learned that Mussa deceived us... A third of us have already perished as it is\" (Mussa is General Kundukhov; they called him by his first name)(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a 2007).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0008", "comment": "A course toward the complete absorption and destruction of the very name of the Cossack state. In the Bendery Constitution of 1710, Orlyk recorded Moscow's intention \"to eradicate the Zaporozhian Host of the Lower Dnipro and to efface its name forever\"(Citation: \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d \u041c\u0430\u0437\u0435\u043f\u0430 \u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u00bb 2011). Hrushevsky confirms the course was systemic: Mazepa's alliance with the Swedish king merely \"gave the Muscovite government occasion\u2026 to take up more forcefully the abolition of Ukrainian autonomy. The Muscovite government had pursued this line from the very beginning\"(Citation: \u0406\u043b\u044e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u044f \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438 1921). What was at stake was the enslavement of the entire people: the Muscovite state, per the preamble of Orlyk's constitution, managed to \"violate and utterly destroy\" the rights and liberties \"and to cast a slave's yoke upon the free Cossack people, never conquered by it\"(Citation: \u0414\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438 \u0456 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0456 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0445 (\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0456\u044f \u041f\u0438\u043b\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u041e\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430) 1710).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0045", "comment": "A campaign to erase the resistance leader's name (damnatio memoriae): \"For two centuries the name and deeds of Mazepa were expunged\u2026 His coats of arms were knocked off the churches he had built, his name was painted over in books\"(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0437\u0435\u043f\u0430 2007)(Citation: \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d \u041c\u0430\u0437\u0435\u043f\u0430 \u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u00bb 2011).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0044", "comment": "The liquidation of education in the native language: in 1859\u20131862 the intelligentsia and students founded 111 Sunday schools in Ukraine to teach adults literacy, with instruction conducted in Ukrainian; in 1862 the authorities closed these schools \"for the alleged presence of revolutionary propaganda\"(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 7 2010).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0137", "comment": "The head of the Terek oblast, General Loris-Melikov, stressed in a special dispatch to the Main Staff of the Caucasus Army: \"For the success of the affair it is necessary that the highlanders not only not know of our desire to assist the resettlement, but the local authorities must, on the contrary, as it were dissuade them from this intention\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005); its execution was entrusted to the head of the Middle Military Division, Tumanov, and he reported on it to Loris-Melikov himself: \"The first and indispensable condition for arousing in the Chechens the desire to resettle to Turkey I consider to be not revealing that this desire comes from the government... consequently, all this must remain in the deepest secrecy; on our skill it will depend to complete the great [work] without bloodshed or particular disorders\u2026\"(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a 2007). In Chechnya \"forged proclamations were circulated, purporting to come from the Turkish government, in which the migrants were promised a cordial welcome and good material provision\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005) - Loris-Melikov himself asked in writing to be sent samples of Turkish proclamations \"for circulation among the population\"(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a 2007). Agents frightened the people with the future: they \"spread provocative rumours that not a single Chechen would receive a scrap of land, that all the young men would be given up as soldiers, that the Muslim religion would sooner be banned and everyone would become Christians\"(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a 2007).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0038", "comment": "Preservation of the center's control over the region's finances: the articles \"fully preserved the previously established control of the tsarist regime over local financing\"(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 9 2012).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0114", "comment": "test", "showSubtechniques": true}, {"techniqueID": "T0043", "comment": "The erasure of the historical names of the Cossack southern territories used as a springboard for the annexation of Crimea: Catherine II's manifesto of 3 August 1775 extirpated \"the very name of the Zaporozhian Cossacks\" and poured their lands into an imperial construct \u2013 \"assigning them as convenient to the Novorossiysk Governorate\"(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u043e\u0431 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u0435\u0447\u0438 1775).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0052", "comment": "The secularization and confiscation into the imperial treasury of the lands of Ukrainian Orthodox monasteries: \"in 1786, during the secularization, the monastery was closed, and its property and lands passed to the state treasury\"(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 9 2012) \u2013 the fate of the Sviatohirsk monastery is typical of the entire 1786 campaign, which deprived the local church of its economic base.", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0130", "comment": "The introduction of bonuses for the policy of denationalization: by decrees of the tsarist administration of 1869 and 1886, officials \"in the ten South-Western governorates - persons of Russian origin, excluding, however, local natives\" - were assigned bonuses for successes in the Russification of Ukraine(Citation: \u0422\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0448\u043b\u044f\u0445 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 (\u0443 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0456 \u00ab\u041f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0446\u0456\u0432, \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0456\u044f\u043d, \u0431\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0456\u0432 \u0442\u0430 \u0457\u0445\u043d\u0456\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0432\u00bb) 2001) - part of the authorities' systematic plans to strengthen the \"Russian assimilatory potential\" of the Western krai after the Polish uprising of 1863, which included material benefits for Russian officials and teachers(Citation: \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 2013).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0049", "comment": "The occupation administration obliged the subordinated Nokhchi societies to take part in military campaigns: historian E. N. Kusheva points to documents \u00abon the possibility of the participation of Murza Shikh... in a campaign of Russian men-at-arms\u00bb(Citation: \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b. XVI-XVII \u0432. 1997).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0001", "comment": "The government of the Russian Empire justified expansion with ideas of enlightening undeveloped societies: historian Michael Khodarkovsky states the ambition of the metropole's officials \"to bring both Christianity and civilization to the 'wild and uncivilized' peoples along its borders\"(Citation: Russia's Steppe Frontier: The Making of a Colonial Empire 1500-1800 2002).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0025", "comment": "Deliberate concealment by the union leadership in Moscow of the scale of the Chornobyl NPP disaster from its own population and international organizations, depriving Ukrainians of information about the level of the radiation threat(Citation: \u0414\u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420: \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0431\u044b\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0443 2026).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0036", "comment": "The introduction of the collegium as a parallel organ of power to seize judicial and fiscal functions from the hetman's administration: it acted \"as the highest appellate instance and administrative-controlling organ\"(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 6 2009), and \"the Little Russian Collegium for the first time channeled Ukrainian finances into the tsar's treasury in full\"(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 6 2009).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0024", "comment": "The ideological justification of a war of conquest by religion and Pan-Slavism: per Dostoevsky, \"by Russia's insistence and blood the Slavs have already been liberated\u2026 the Turkish empire no longer exists and\u2026 the Balkan peninsula is free and lives a new life\"(Citation: \u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f 1877) \u2013 the war was given the status of a sacred mission of liberating co-religionists.", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0057", "comment": "The use of cheap labor at the mines and plants under conditions of harsh exploitation: \"Initially the majority of miners were seasonal workers\"(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0414\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u043c 2021) \u2013 without rights, without settlement, worked to exhaustion.", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0032", "comment": "The official classing of the indigenous population as aliens: Stolypin prescribed to the governors to refuse the registration of \"any alien societies whatsoever, including Ukrainian and Jewish ones, regardless of the aims they pursue\"(Citation: \u0421\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044b\u043f\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u0440\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440 1910).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0113", "comment": "The forced orthography reform of 1933, aimed at artificially bringing Ukrainian grammar and terminology closer to the Russian language(Citation: \u0412\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438, \u0441\u0443\u0441\u043f\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0456 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438 \u043f\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0434\u044f\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0456 (1917 \u2013 1938 \u0440\u0440.) 2013).", "score": 1, "showSubtechniques": true}, {"techniqueID": "T0128", "comment": "The theater was banned not as repertoire but as an institution: the third point of the 1881 revision prescribed \"to completely forbid the establishment of a specifically Little Russian theater and the formation of troupes for performing plays and scenes exclusively in the Little Russian dialect\"(Citation: \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430 \u0456\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0456 \u043c\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0456\u0439 \u0456\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457 2013). Individual plays remained permissible - with administrative permission for each staging. The ban struck not at the text but at the very possibility of a permanent company existing: performing occasionally was allowed, being a Ukrainian theater was not. The report with this point was submitted by the minister of internal affairs Ignatiev; the emperor's assent followed on 8 October 1881(Citation: \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430 \u0456\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0456 \u043c\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0456\u0439 \u0456\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457 2013).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0021", "comment": "Coercion of legal Ukrainian parties into self-dissolution (in particular, the Borotbists in the spring of 1920) and their absorption by the CP(b)U through political blackmail and the bribery of their leaders with official posts(Citation: \u0412\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438, \u0441\u0443\u0441\u043f\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0456 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438 \u043f\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0434\u044f\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0456 (1917 \u2013 1938 \u0440\u0440.) 2013).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0148", "comment": "The government of the Tsardom of Muscovy organized attacks on the territories of the Nokhchi for the mass capture of prisoners and booty: historian Ya. Z. Akhmadov states that in 1718 there took place a \"predatory expedition of detachments of Don Cossacks and Kabardian princes allied with Peter I into the 'Chechen uezd' along the Sunzha and the Argun\"(Citation: \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e-\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435. \u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b. \u0422\u043e\u043c I 2019), as a result of which \"800 prisoners were captured, not counting 'belongings'\"(Citation: \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e-\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435. \u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b. \u0422\u043e\u043c I 2019), and in 1721 the Astrakhan governor A. P. Volynsky \"invited the Don Cossacks and, together with the Terek Cossacks, organized raids to the Agrakhan and Aksai rivers against the Kumyks and Chechens\"(Citation: \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e-\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435. \u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b. \u0422\u043e\u043c I 2019).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0077", "comment": "The government of the Russian Empire purposefully organized military actions to punish the defiant Indigenous population: historian Sh. B. Akhmadov points out that on August 4, 1722, by decree of Peter I, \"a punitive expedition was carried out for a second time against the rebellious Chechens and Andreevtsy\"(Citation: \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f \u0438 \u0418\u043d\u0433\u0443\u0448\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432 XVIII - \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 2002).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0102", "comment": "Shifting the upkeep of the mobilized onto the subjects themselves: Cossacks dispatched to the imperial construction sites were left without supply and \"suffer great want from hunger, having neither food for themselves, nor winter quarters, nor fodder for the horses\"(Citation: \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d \u041c\u0430\u0437\u0435\u043f\u0430 \u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u00bb 2011). Workers for state construction the tsar simply ordered to be \"taken from Ukraine, from those towns that are under your authority\"(Citation: \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d \u041c\u0430\u0437\u0435\u043f\u0430 \u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u00bb 2011), while at the works themselves people perished \"from back-breaking labor, hunger and the harsh climate\"(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 6 2009).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0142", "comment": "The empire's answer to the pleas of those who returned was fixed in a formula \"at the very highest level\": \"Of any return migration of the highlanders there can be no talk\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). Under the rules approved in June 1861 by the chief of the Main Staff of the Caucasus Army, General Kartsov, highlanders who had entered Turkish subjecthood or overstayed their passports were \"resolutely forbidden\" to return(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a 2007). By November 1865, 2,600 people had gathered at the border, ready to accept Orthodoxy for the sake of returning - \"However, the Russian leadership even on such terms was in no hurry to let them through the border... they no longer had anywhere to return to; their ancestral lands had been either confiscated or sold\"(Citation: \u041c\u0438\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a 2007). Those who tried to return secretly were caught for years: in 1867, 162 people were detained; in 1868 - 663; in 1869 - 369; in 1870 - 1,263; \"Over ten years, from 1862 to 1872, 5,964 highlanders (mostly Chechens) managed to return to the Terek oblast, of whom 2,315 the authorities forcibly expelled to Turkey once again\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005). Even those permitted were not allowed home: the returning Karabulaks (a Vainakh society kindred to the Chechens) \"were not admitted to their native lands, but settled as a single aul, Sagopshi, on the lands of the Chechen village of Psedakh\"(Citation: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 2005).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0031", "comment": "Preparation for dismantling the autonomy during the reforms of 1707: by Orlyk's account, the Cossack starshyna expected the empire to be preparing \"to turn the Cossacks into a regular army\u2026 to break the rights and liberties of the Host\"(Citation: \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d \u041c\u0430\u0437\u0435\u043f\u0430 \u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u00bb 2011)(Citation: \u041c\u0430\u0437\u0435\u043f\u0430 2007).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0004", "comment": "On the pedestal of the Khmelnytsky monument (1888) the empire cast a programmatic statement about the past: on the front side stood the phrase \"We will to be under the tsar of the east, the Orthodox one,\" attributed to the Pereiaslav Rada, and on the right - the imperial formula \"To Bohdan Khmelnytsky \u2013 one and indivisible Russia\"(Citation: \u041f\u0430\u043c'\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0443 \u0425\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044c\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0454\u0432\u0456 2026). Brought together, they presented the events of 1654 as a voluntary and final choice in favor of a single Russian state, and the entire history of the Hetmanate as the road to that choice.", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0100", "comment": "The liquidation of the independent spiritual structure on the Right Bank in 1839: \"in connection with the tsarist regime's liquidation of the Union in this region (1839), the monastery was closed, and its buildings destroyed\"(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0422. 9 2012).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0109", "comment": "A referendum with a vague formulation to legitimize union control: the ballot of the 17 March 1991 referendum asked voters to endorse \"the preservation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as a renewed federation of equal sovereign republics\"(Citation: \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0412\u0421 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430 1991) \u2013 even though the content of the \"renewed federation\" was nowhere defined, while the result was then used as a mandate for a new union treaty.", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0088", "comment": "Use of the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR (December 1922) to formally declare a union of equal republics, masking the final centralization of power in Moscow(Citation: \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0430 \u0439 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0446\u0456 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0443 (1917\u20141939) 2021).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0020", "comment": "An armed seizure of power: the GKChP statement of 18 August 1991 announced the transfer of the USSR president's powers: \"In connection with the impossibility, for reasons of health, of Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev performing the duties of President of the USSR and the transfer\u2026 of the powers of the President of the USSR to Vice-President Gennady Ivanovich Yanayev\u2026 to form the State Committee for the State of Emergency in the USSR\"(Citation: \u0417\u0430\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0413\u041a\u0427\u041f 1991). The putsch was timed to derail the treaty-based reconstitution of the Union: \"The formation of the GKChP was preceded by the so-called Novo-Ogaryovo process - negotiations begun on April 23, 1991 by USSR President Gorbachev at his suburban residence of Novo-Ogaryovo with the leaders of the union republics on the signing of a new Union Treaty\"(Citation: \u0415\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438: \u0414\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u043c 2021) - the coup cut this process short.", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0056", "comment": "Having gained political power over the Left Bank, Moscow immediately attempted to seize the right to collect taxes in order to extract resources directly: \"the attempts of Russian voivodes... to introduce their own taxation system in Ukraine led only to revolts (for example... the attempted census of 1666...)\"(Citation: \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d \u041c\u0430\u0437\u0435\u043f\u0430 \u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u00bb 2011).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0158", "comment": "In 1804-1811 the Russian Empire erected a cast-iron Monument of Glory in the center of Poltava in memory of its victory over the army of Charles XII on 27 June 1709 - with the city's own money and to a design sent from St. Petersburg. By the imperial decree to the Senate of 11 September 1804, \"On leaving the villages formerly owned by the city of Poltava under state administration and on releasing the income collected from them to the local Governor-General for the erection in Poltava of a monument in memory of 27 June 1709,\" the city's revenues were assigned to the monument: \"the community of Poltava citizens, through a petition submitted to Governor-General Prince Kurakin, has designated all these revenues for the construction in Poltava of a monument in memory of the day unforgettable for Russia, 27 June 1709, and so we command: the revenues now due for payment, as well as those henceforth collected in favor of this city, shall be released to the local Governor-General until the monument that has been begun is completely finished\"(Citation: \u041f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 1-\u0435, \u0442\u043e\u043c XXVIII (1804-1805) 1830). By a second act, the imperial rescript of 9 May 1805 to the Governor-General of Little Russia, \"On the erection of a monument in commemoration of the victory won at Poltava by Emperor Peter the Great,\" the emperor sent a ready-made design and ordered construction to begin: \"I forward to you herewith the plans for this monument, drawn up here, charging you... to proceed with its erection on site, except for the bronze ornaments belonging to it, which will be made separately here and delivered to their destination\"(Citation: \u041f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 1-\u0435, \u0442\u043e\u043c XXVIII (1804-1805) 1830). That is, Poltava pays, while Petersburg decides what the sign on its land will look like - down to the bronze, which is cast there and shipped ready-made. The monument was founded on 27 June 1804, the cast-iron column was raised in May 1809 under the direction of Moskvin, an engineer of the Luhansk works, and the whole ensemble was opened on 27 June 1811, for the next anniversary of the battle(Citation: \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043e \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u0438 \u0435\u0451 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445 1902)(Citation: \u041f\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u043c'\u044f\u0442\u043a\u0438. \u041c\u043e\u043d\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0421\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438 [1990 \u0440.] 1990). On the medallion of the upper square of the pedestal, inside a serpent ring between two quivers, stood \"June the 27th, 1709,\" and on the opposite side - \"Finished in 1809\"(Citation: \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043e \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u0438 \u0435\u0451 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445 1902): the date of someone else's victory was made into the date of the place itself. Both inscriptions, together with the bronze bas-reliefs, disappeared in 1901 - the pre-revolutionary survey records it tersely: \"This inscription and the preceding one were destroyed in 1901, and at the same time the bronze bas-reliefs that surrounded them were taken by persons unknown\"(Citation: \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043e \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u0438 \u0435\u0451 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445 1902); they were restored only during the capital repairs of 1953(Citation: \u041f\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u043c'\u044f\u0442\u043a\u0438. \u041c\u043e\u043d\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0421\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438 [1990 \u0440.] 1990). The monument still stands in Poltava: as of August 2026 it is listed as a monument of national significance under heritage protection number 160010-\u041d(Citation: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0456\u043a \u043e\u0431'\u0454\u043a\u0442\u0456\u0432 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u043c\u0456\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0438 (\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0456\u044f \u00ab\u041d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u00bb) 2025), the Ukrainian Institute of National Remembrance recommended dismantling it in a letter of 29 July 2024(Citation: \u041b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0423\u0406\u041d\u041f \u21162075/2.2-08-24 \u0449\u043e\u0434\u043e \u041c\u043e\u043d\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0421\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438 \u0443 \u043c. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430 2024), but decisions on monuments of national significance are made by the government, and the list of such decisions as of 20 May 2026 does not include the monument(Citation: \u0420\u0456\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u041c\u0456\u043d\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443 \u0449\u043e\u0434\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0456\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0447\u0438 \u0437\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0442\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443 \u043f\u0430\u043c'\u044f\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0456\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457, \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0456\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0442\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0456\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 (\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430 20.05.2026) 2026).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}, {"techniqueID": "T0022", "comment": "The government of the Tsardom of Muscovy used demonstrative brutal executions to psychologically break the Indigenous population: historian Ya. Z. Akhmadov records that the captured leader of the uprising was \"hanged by a rib on a hook in accordance with Peter I's order to P.M. Apraksin ('carry out a cruel death penalty')\"(Citation: \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e-\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435. \u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b. \u0422\u043e\u043c I 2019).", "score": 1, "color": "#66b1ff", "showSubtechniques": false}], "gradient": {"colors": ["#ffffff", "#66b1ff"], "minValue": 0, "maxValue": 1}, "legendItems": [{"label": "used by Government", "color": "#66b1ff"}]}