in the campaign “Punitive Raids and the Economic Strangulation of the Nokhchi (1691–1700)”
The regular army of the Tsardom of Muscovy carried out armed raids on the territories of Nokhchi societies: the historian Ya. Z. Akhmadov states that in 1691–1700 «punitive expeditions were carried out by the tsarist authorities in retaliation against the rebel Cossacks and their Highlander allies»[1] and records «retaliatory punitive raids by tsarist forces»[1].