in the campaign “The amanat-and-tribute system of colonel Pullo in the seized auls of Chechnya (1836-1840)”
The amanat-and-tribute system of Pullo, commander of the left flank of the Caucasus Line (a chain of imperial fortifications on the land of the Nokhchi), formalized the subordination of Chechen communities as "submission" with obligations to the empire. The 1840 register of the highland peoples, published in the documentary collection «Движение горцев северо-восточного Кавказа в 20-50 гг. XIX века», records the outcome for the Ako community (the Akintsy - a Chechen community in the upper reaches of the Gekhi river): "Declared submission in 1839, handed over amanats and pledged to pay a tribute of one silver ruble per house" (amanats - hostages whom the empire took away from the auls to control them)[1]. The formalization proceeded under the system of fear that Pullo described in a memorandum of 1840: "by threatening all the unsubmissive communities with the annihilation of their property, I instilled in them such fear... that one after another they began to submit"[1].