in the campaign “Collective punishment in the abrek era: fines, quartering of troops and exile for Zelimkhan (1905-1913)”
In 1911 the Russian Empire demolished the Chechen hamlets of two okrugs: "A forcible demolition was begun of all the hamlets built 'without permission' (and there were no others here) in the Vedeno and Grozny okrugs"[1]; Chechen hamlets "were repeatedly demolished, including under the pretext of 'punishment' for sheltering abreks"[1].