in the campaign “Sovietization of Chechnya: revkoms in place of Soviets, punitive operations and Cheka executions (1920-1924)”
On 9 May 1924 the Soviet Union, by a secret resolution of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee (TsIK), gave the OGPU "the right of extrajudicial reprisal against bandits and their accomplices, namely: expulsion from the given locality, confinement in a concentration camp for a term of up to 3 years, and the application of the supreme measure of punishment - shooting", and prescribed that the republics declare localities "unfavorable in respect of banditry", where the GPU organs "are entitled to decide at their own discretion any case of banditry"[1]. The Chechen authorities already in that same May telegraphed the center: "Sanction the creation of a tribunal or a political troika"[2]. The troikas that went to work, "composed of an official of the procuracy, the GPU and the first party leader, — as a rule, passed sentences in absentia — on the basis of the submitted documents, often without even questioning the accused. Of any participation of a defense in the proceedings there could be no talk"[3].