Aggressors may resort to the direct and open use of armed forces to invade the territory of another state or region. The deployment of the army is used to overthrow the legitimate government, change the political regime, or physically establish control over key infrastructure and administrative centers.
| ID | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| C0081 | Annexation and Sovietization of Western Ukraine (1939–1941) |
Direct armed invasion by the Red Army of the territory of Poland on September 17, 1939, for the military occupation of western Ukrainian lands[1]. |
| C1132 | Armed Uprising on the Plain, General Douglas's Expedition, and the Rout of Colonel Koch's Punitive Detachment (1732) |
The Regular Army of the Russian Empire dispatched armed contingents to preemptively suppress an anti-colonial uprising: historian Ya. Z. Akhmadov cites a report by General Douglas, who ordered that the assembled rebel force must, «not being allowed to multiply, be averted and destroyed by the dispatched detachment»[2], after which, as historian Sh. B. Akhmadov states, «on July 4, 1732, the tsarist authorities dispatched a military detachment to Chechnya, headed by General Douglas, who commanded the troops at the Holy Cross fortress»[3]. |
| C0100 | Beginning of the Russo-Ukrainian War: Armed Invasion and Occupation of Crimea (2014) |
Use of regular troops without insignia ("little green men") to establish military control over the territory and blockade Ukrainian garrisons[1]. |
| C1140 | Bulgakov's Punitive Expedition: Devastation of Chechen Villages and Coercion into Allegiance (1807) |
The Russian Empire sent troops into the lands of the Nokhchi in order to force its way deep into Greater Chechnya and break the resistance of its communities. The historian D. A. Khozhaev describes General Bulgakov's troops as having "come with fire and sword to the Chechen land," and the Khankala battle of 1807 as bloody[4]. In February 1807, three detachments under the overall command of the commander of the Caucasus Line, General Bulgakov, crossed the Terek; on February 13, the troops broke through the Khankala Gorge by storm, which the inhabitants had fortified with barricades, ditches, and abatis. The commander of the Caucasus Line, General Bulgakov, reported that he had entered "for the exemplary punishment" of the Nokhchi communities, that the inhabitants, having gathered in number about 10,000, "resolved to perish rather than let the Russian troops pass through the gorge"; during the storming of the gorge, of the defending Chechens, according to his report, there were "about 1,000 killed on the spot"[5]. The imperial historian Potto admits that after Bulgakov's storming of the Khankala Gorge, Russian attempts to penetrate deep into Chechnya "were never renewed"[6]. |
| C0101 | Continuation of the Russo-Ukrainian War: Armed Aggression in the Donbas (2014–2015) |
Open crossing of the state border by regular troops of the Russian Federation in the summer and fall of 2014 and in early 2015 to save the separatists from defeat, which led to massive losses of the Ukrainian army (Ilovaisk, Debaltseve)[1][7]. |
| C0072 | Creation of a Puppet Government and Disguising the Intervention (December 1917 – Early 1918) |
Direct deployment of Red troops under the command of V. Antonov-Ovseenko and M. Muravyov, heavy fighting for railway stations, and the storming of Kyiv, accompanied by the Battle of Kruty (January 1918)[1]. |
| C1109 | Cyclical Rebuilding and Elimination of Fortifications on the Sunzha River (1571–1653) |
The occupation administration of the Tsardom of Muscovy systematically brought armed detachments into the lands of the Nokhchi to hold the bridgehead: the compiler of the collection of documents E. N. Kusheva indicates that at the site of the fortress, "by order of the Terek voivodes, a detachment of streltsy and Cossacks was permanently stationed"[8], and during the siege of 1653 it held "Russian service men, Terek atamans, and Cossacks"[8]. |
| C1021 | Destruction of the Nokhchi Villages along the Sunzha and Erection of the Groznaya Fortress in Their Place (1817–1818) |
The Regular Army of the Russian Empire moved troops onto the Nokhchi lands between the Terek and the Sunzha in order to forcibly shift the forward fortified line deep into Chechen territory and place the region under military control. Historian D. A. Khozhaev defines the meaning of moving the line as squeezing unsubdued Chechnya «with new fortresses and fortifications»[4]. The imperial general Yermolov, in his «Notes», attests to the deployment of troops: «on May 24 the entire detachment crossed over… in a single march it moved from the Terek to the Sunzha River»[9]. |
| C1105 | Establishment of the First Foothold on the Sunzha River (1567) |
To construct the base on the lands of the Nokhchi, the administration brought in armed detachments: historian E. N. Kusheva writes that in the spring of 1567 the voivodes A. S. Babichev and P. Protasyev were dispatched from Moscow "with many men, as well as ordnance, cannons, and arquebuses"[10], while historians A. S. Kulikov and V. A. Runov note that they were sent "with firepower and many men"[11]. |
| C1110 | Founding and Fortification of the Terek Town (1588–1623) |
The occupation administration systematically brought in regular troops to maintain the garrison: historians A. S. Kulikov and V. A. Runov note that in the early 17th century «the garrison numbered more than a thousand streltsy and Cossacks»[11]. |
| C0103 | Full-Scale Invasion (from February 24, 2022) |
Invasion by the regular army of the Russian Federation and massive missile and air strikes on Kyiv, Dnipro, Kharkiv, and other Ukrainian cities in the early morning of February 24, 2022[1]. |
| C0003 | Muscovite–Ukrainian War (1658–1659) |
When covert methods of destabilization proved insufficient, the Tsardom moved to open military invasion. The regular Muscovite army attempted to force the Hetmanate into submission, which ended for it in catastrophe at Konotop: "The flower of the Muscovite cavalry, which had made the fortunate campaigns of '54 and '55, perished in a single day..."[12]. |
| S0012 | Occupation and Controlled Administrations |
The occupation administration of Tersky Town dispatched armed detachments which, as the Kabardian prince Sunchaley Yanglychevich Cherkassky and his son the Kabardian prince Sholokh reported to Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich, made their way «across the mountains and through mountain crevices, impassable places»[8] in order to suppress the defiant communities. |
| S0012 | Occupation and Controlled Administrations |
Armed detachments loyal to the metropole carried out incursions into the territories of the Nokhchi mountain communities in order to suppress their resistance: the historian I. Kh. Tkhamokova notes that in 1628 the Kabardian murza Konshov-murza Bitemryukov «went against these "mountain people" together with the "free" atamans and Cossacks and with the "Okochans"»[13]. |
| C1120 | Punitive campaign and the devastation of the Nokhchi mountain communities (1617–1618) |
The occupation administration of Tersky Town dispatched armed detachments which, as the Kabardian prince Sunchaley Yanglychevich Cherkassky and his son the Kabardian prince Sholokh reported to Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich, made their way «across the mountains and through mountain crevices, impassable places»[8] in order to suppress the defiant communities. |
| S0010 | Regular Army |
When covert methods of destabilization proved insufficient, the Tsardom moved to open military invasion. The regular Muscovite army attempted to force the Hetmanate into submission, which ended for it in catastrophe at Konotop: "The flower of the Muscovite cavalry, which had made the fortunate campaigns of '54 and '55, perished in a single day..."[12]. |
| S0010 | Regular Army |
Deployment of troops to forcibly suppress the liberation movement of Poles and Ukrainians during the November Uprising[14]. |
| S0010 | Regular Army |
Direct deployment of Red troops under the command of V. Antonov-Ovseenko and M. Muravyov, heavy fighting for railway stations, and the storming of Kyiv, accompanied by the Battle of Kruty (January 1918)[1]. |
| S0010 | Regular Army |
A full-scale offensive by the Ukrainian Front of the Red Army in early 1919 to recapture Ukrainian cities after the withdrawal of Austro-German troops[15]. The Red Army's counteroffensive in the fall and winter of 1919 against Denikin's forces, as a result of which the Bolsheviks recaptured Kyiv on December 16 and occupied most of Ukraine[15]. |
| S0010 | Regular Army |
The invasion of General Denikin's troops under the slogan of restoring a "united and indivisible Russia" and the armed ousting of Ukrainian units from Kyiv, which they had liberated, on August 31, 1919 (the "Kyiv catastrophe"), leading to the collapse of the front[15]. |
| S0010 | Regular Army |
Direct armed invasion by the Red Army of the territory of Poland on September 17, 1939, for the military occupation of western Ukrainian lands[1]. |
| S0010 | Regular Army |
Use of regular troops without insignia ("little green men") to establish military control over the territory and blockade Ukrainian garrisons[1]. |
| S0010 | Regular Army |
Open crossing of the state border by regular troops of the Russian Federation in the summer and fall of 2014 and in early 2015 to save the separatists from defeat, which led to massive losses of the Ukrainian army (Ilovaisk, Debaltseve)[1][7]. |
| S0010 | Regular Army |
Invasion by the regular army of the Russian Federation and massive missile and air strikes on Kyiv, Dnipro, Kharkiv, and other Ukrainian cities in the early morning of February 24, 2022[1]. |
| S0010 | Regular Army |
To construct the base on the lands of the Nokhchi, the administration brought in armed detachments: historian E. N. Kusheva writes that in the spring of 1567 the voivodes A. S. Babichev and P. Protasyev were dispatched from Moscow "with many men, as well as ordnance, cannons, and arquebuses"[10], while historians A. S. Kulikov and V. A. Runov note that they were sent "with firepower and many men"[11]. |
| S0010 | Regular Army |
The occupation administration of the Tsardom of Muscovy systematically brought armed detachments into the lands of the Nokhchi to hold the bridgehead: the compiler of the collection of documents E. N. Kusheva indicates that at the site of the fortress, "by order of the Terek voivodes, a detachment of streltsy and Cossacks was permanently stationed"[8], and during the siege of 1653 it held "Russian service men, Terek atamans, and Cossacks"[8]. |
| S0010 | Regular Army |
The occupation administration systematically brought in regular troops to maintain the garrison: historians A. S. Kulikov and V. A. Runov note that in the early 17th century «the garrison numbered more than a thousand streltsy and Cossacks»[11]. |
| S0010 | Regular Army |
The Regular Army of the Russian Empire deployed armed contingents to suppress resistance in the region: historian Sh. B. Akhmadov records that "on July 23, 1722, a tsarist detachment headed by General Veterani... approached the village of Enderi"[3]. |
| S0010 | Regular Army |
The Regular Army of the Russian Empire dispatched armed contingents to preemptively suppress an anti-colonial uprising: historian Ya. Z. Akhmadov cites a report by General Douglas, who ordered that the assembled rebel force must, «not being allowed to multiply, be averted and destroyed by the dispatched detachment»[2], after which, as historian Sh. B. Akhmadov states, «on July 4, 1732, the tsarist authorities dispatched a military detachment to Chechnya, headed by General Douglas, who commanded the troops at the Holy Cross fortress»[3]. |
| S0010 | Regular Army |
The Russian Empire sent troops into the lands of the Nokhchi in order to force its way deep into Greater Chechnya and break the resistance of its communities. The historian D. A. Khozhaev describes General Bulgakov's troops as having "come with fire and sword to the Chechen land," and the Khankala battle of 1807 as bloody[4]. In February 1807, three detachments under the overall command of the commander of the Caucasus Line, General Bulgakov, crossed the Terek; on February 13, the troops broke through the Khankala Gorge by storm, which the inhabitants had fortified with barricades, ditches, and abatis. The commander of the Caucasus Line, General Bulgakov, reported that he had entered "for the exemplary punishment" of the Nokhchi communities, that the inhabitants, having gathered in number about 10,000, "resolved to perish rather than let the Russian troops pass through the gorge"; during the storming of the gorge, of the defending Chechens, according to his report, there were "about 1,000 killed on the spot"[5]. The imperial historian Potto admits that after Bulgakov's storming of the Khankala Gorge, Russian attempts to penetrate deep into Chechnya "were never renewed"[6]. |
| S0010 | Regular Army |
The Regular Army of the Russian Empire moved troops onto the Nokhchi lands between the Terek and the Sunzha in order to forcibly shift the forward fortified line deep into Chechen territory and place the region under military control. Historian D. A. Khozhaev defines the meaning of moving the line as squeezing unsubdued Chechnya «with new fortresses and fortifications»[4]. The imperial general Yermolov, in his «Notes», attests to the deployment of troops: «on May 24 the entire detachment crossed over… in a single march it moved from the Terek to the Sunzha River»[9]. |
| G0009 | Russian Empire |
Deployment of troops to forcibly suppress the liberation movement of Poles and Ukrainians during the November Uprising[14]. |
| G0009 | Russian Empire |
The Regular Army of the Russian Empire deployed armed contingents to suppress resistance in the region: historian Sh. B. Akhmadov records that "on July 23, 1722, a tsarist detachment headed by General Veterani... approached the village of Enderi"[3]. |
| G0009 | Russian Empire |
The Regular Army of the Russian Empire dispatched armed contingents to preemptively suppress an anti-colonial uprising: historian Ya. Z. Akhmadov cites a report by General Douglas, who ordered that the assembled rebel force must, «not being allowed to multiply, be averted and destroyed by the dispatched detachment»[2], after which, as historian Sh. B. Akhmadov states, «on July 4, 1732, the tsarist authorities dispatched a military detachment to Chechnya, headed by General Douglas, who commanded the troops at the Holy Cross fortress»[3]. |
| G0009 | Russian Empire |
The Russian Empire sent troops into the lands of the Nokhchi in order to force its way deep into Greater Chechnya and break the resistance of its communities. The historian D. A. Khozhaev describes General Bulgakov's troops as having "come with fire and sword to the Chechen land," and the Khankala battle of 1807 as bloody[4]. In February 1807, three detachments under the overall command of the commander of the Caucasus Line, General Bulgakov, crossed the Terek; on February 13, the troops broke through the Khankala Gorge by storm, which the inhabitants had fortified with barricades, ditches, and abatis. The commander of the Caucasus Line, General Bulgakov, reported that he had entered "for the exemplary punishment" of the Nokhchi communities, that the inhabitants, having gathered in number about 10,000, "resolved to perish rather than let the Russian troops pass through the gorge"; during the storming of the gorge, of the defending Chechens, according to his report, there were "about 1,000 killed on the spot"[5]. The imperial historian Potto admits that after Bulgakov's storming of the Khankala Gorge, Russian attempts to penetrate deep into Chechnya "were never renewed"[6]. |
| G0009 | Russian Empire |
The Regular Army of the Russian Empire moved troops onto the Nokhchi lands between the Terek and the Sunzha in order to forcibly shift the forward fortified line deep into Chechen territory and place the region under military control. Historian D. A. Khozhaev defines the meaning of moving the line as squeezing unsubdued Chechnya «with new fortresses and fortifications»[4]. The imperial general Yermolov, in his «Notes», attests to the deployment of troops: «on May 24 the entire detachment crossed over… in a single march it moved from the Terek to the Sunzha River»[9]. |
| G0011 | Russian Federation |
Use of regular troops without insignia ("little green men") to establish military control over the territory and blockade Ukrainian garrisons[1]. |
| G0011 | Russian Federation |
Open crossing of the state border by regular troops of the Russian Federation in the summer and fall of 2014 and in early 2015 to save the separatists from defeat, which led to massive losses of the Ukrainian army (Ilovaisk, Debaltseve)[1][7]. |
| G0011 | Russian Federation |
Invasion by the regular army of the Russian Federation and massive missile and air strikes on Kyiv, Dnipro, Kharkiv, and other Ukrainian cities in the early morning of February 24, 2022[1]. |
| C0074 | Second Armed Invasion and Resource Depletion (1919) |
A full-scale offensive by the Ukrainian Front of the Red Army in early 1919 to recapture Ukrainian cities after the withdrawal of Austro-German troops[15]. The Red Army's counteroffensive in the fall and winter of 1919 against Denikin's forces, as a result of which the Bolsheviks recaptured Kyiv on December 16 and occupied most of Ukraine[15]. |
| C0074 | Second Armed Invasion and Resource Depletion (1919) |
The invasion of General Denikin's troops under the slogan of restoring a "united and indivisible Russia" and the armed ousting of Ukrainian units from Kyiv, which they had liberated, on August 31, 1919 (the "Kyiv catastrophe"), leading to the collapse of the front[15]. |
| G0013 | Soviet Russia (RSFSR) |
Direct deployment of Red troops under the command of V. Antonov-Ovseenko and M. Muravyov, heavy fighting for railway stations, and the storming of Kyiv, accompanied by the Battle of Kruty (January 1918)[1]. |
| G0013 | Soviet Russia (RSFSR) |
A full-scale offensive by the Ukrainian Front of the Red Army in early 1919 to recapture Ukrainian cities after the withdrawal of Austro-German troops[15]. The Red Army's counteroffensive in the fall and winter of 1919 against Denikin's forces, as a result of which the Bolsheviks recaptured Kyiv on December 16 and occupied most of Ukraine[15]. |
| C0057 | Suppression of the November Uprising (1830–1831) |
Deployment of troops to forcibly suppress the liberation movement of Poles and Ukrainians during the November Uprising[14]. |
| C1129 | Suppression of the Uprising, Military Intervention, and Forced Formalization of Subjecthood (1722) |
The Regular Army of the Russian Empire deployed armed contingents to suppress resistance in the region: historian Sh. B. Akhmadov records that "on July 23, 1722, a tsarist detachment headed by General Veterani... approached the village of Enderi"[3]. |
| G0008 | Tsardom of Muscovy |
When covert methods of destabilization proved insufficient, the Tsardom moved to open military invasion. The regular Muscovite army attempted to force the Hetmanate into submission, which ended for it in catastrophe at Konotop: "The flower of the Muscovite cavalry, which had made the fortunate campaigns of '54 and '55, perished in a single day..."[12]. |
| G0008 | Tsardom of Muscovy |
To construct the base on the lands of the Nokhchi, the administration brought in armed detachments: historian E. N. Kusheva writes that in the spring of 1567 the voivodes A. S. Babichev and P. Protasyev were dispatched from Moscow "with many men, as well as ordnance, cannons, and arquebuses"[10], while historians A. S. Kulikov and V. A. Runov note that they were sent "with firepower and many men"[11]. |
| G0008 | Tsardom of Muscovy |
The occupation administration of the Tsardom of Muscovy systematically brought armed detachments into the lands of the Nokhchi to hold the bridgehead: the compiler of the collection of documents E. N. Kusheva indicates that at the site of the fortress, "by order of the Terek voivodes, a detachment of streltsy and Cossacks was permanently stationed"[8], and during the siege of 1653 it held "Russian service men, Terek atamans, and Cossacks"[8]. |
| G0008 | Tsardom of Muscovy |
The occupation administration systematically brought in regular troops to maintain the garrison: historians A. S. Kulikov and V. A. Runov note that in the early 17th century «the garrison numbered more than a thousand streltsy and Cossacks»[11]. |
| G0008 | Tsardom of Muscovy |
The occupation administration of Tersky Town dispatched armed detachments which, as the Kabardian prince Sunchaley Yanglychevich Cherkassky and his son the Kabardian prince Sholokh reported to Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich, made their way «across the mountains and through mountain crevices, impassable places»[8] in order to suppress the defiant communities. |
| G0008 | Tsardom of Muscovy |
Armed detachments loyal to the metropole carried out incursions into the territories of the Nokhchi mountain communities in order to suppress their resistance: the historian I. Kh. Tkhamokova notes that in 1628 the Kabardian murza Konshov-murza Bitemryukov «went against these "mountain people" together with the "free" atamans and Cossacks and with the "Okochans"»[13]. |
| C1116 | Use of the Nokhchi in Military Expeditions, Intervention, and Imposition of Yasak (1626–1628) |
Armed detachments loyal to the metropole carried out incursions into the territories of the Nokhchi mountain communities in order to suppress their resistance: the historian I. Kh. Tkhamokova notes that in 1628 the Kabardian murza Konshov-murza Bitemryukov «went against these "mountain people" together with the "free" atamans and Cossacks and with the "Okochans"»[13]. |
| G0010 | USSR |
Direct armed invasion by the Red Army of the territory of Poland on September 17, 1939, for the military occupation of western Ukrainian lands[1]. |
| G0014 | White Movement (AFSR) |
The invasion of General Denikin's troops under the slogan of restoring a "united and indivisible Russia" and the armed ousting of Ukrainian units from Kyiv, which they had liberated, on August 31, 1919 (the "Kyiv catastrophe"), leading to the collapse of the front[15]. |