Second Armed Invasion and Resource Depletion (1919)
After the withdrawal of the Austro-German troops, the Red Army of the RSFSR reoccupied most of Ukraine. The aggressor launched a large-scale extraction of resources: special food-requisition detachments forcibly confiscated grain and raw materials from villagers for export to the RSFSR. The resistance of the local population, which erupted into powerful revolts of the insurgent front (including the uprising of Otaman Hryhoriv), was brutally suppressed by punitive expeditions and mass terror by the Cheka and the army. The campaign was aggravated by the intervention of the White Guard troops of General Denikin, which led to the "Kyiv Catastrophe" (August 1919), when the Ukrainian troops were forced to surrender the liberated capital[1][2].
Actors
| ID | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| G0013 | Soviet Russia (RSFSR) |
A full-scale offensive by the Ukrainian Front of the Red Army in early 1919 to recapture Ukrainian cities after the withdrawal of Austro-German troops[1]. The Red Army's counteroffensive in the fall and winter of 1919 against Denikin's forces, as a result of which the Bolsheviks recaptured Kyiv on December 16 and occupied most of Ukraine[1]. |
| G0014 | White Movement (AFSR) |
The invasion of General Denikin's troops under the slogan of restoring a "united and indivisible Russia" and the armed ousting of Ukrainian units from Kyiv, which they had liberated, on August 31, 1919 (the "Kyiv catastrophe"), leading to the collapse of the front[1]. |
Techniques Used
| ID | Name | Use | |
|---|---|---|---|
| T0008 | Deprivation of Agency |
The ultimatum-style refusal of the White Guard command (General Bredov) to recognize the Ukrainian army and statehood, accompanied by the statement that "Kyiv has never been Ukrainian and never will be"[2]. |
|
| T0038 | Economic Control |
Introduction of a state monopoly on the grain trade and centralized control over the distribution of goods[1]. |
|
| T0114 | .003 | Educational Assimilation: Conversion of Schools to the Metropole's Language |
General Denikin's occupation policy aimed at destroying Ukrainian culture by abolishing the right to education in one's native language and by the outright closure of Ukrainian schools[1]. |
| T0052 | Expropriation of Resources |
Forcible requisitioning ("prodrazverstka") and the non-stop export of grain, coal, and raw materials to the RSFSR without economic compensation, which provoked riots and the Hryhoriv uprising[1]. |
|
| T0113 | .001 | Linguistic Assimilation: Legislative Ban on the Native Language |
The White Guard command's ban on the printing and distribution of Ukrainian books in the captured territories[2]. |
| T0128 | Liquidation of National Civic Organizations |
Forced closure of Ukrainian cultural and educational institutions by the White Guard administration[1]. |
|
| T0104 | Mass Killings of Civilians |
Mass executions by shooting of unarmed civilians and participants in suppressed peasant uprisings, carried out by punitive detachments to physically eliminate pockets of resistance[1]. |
|
| T0019 | Military Intervention |
A full-scale offensive by the Ukrainian Front of the Red Army in early 1919 to recapture Ukrainian cities after the withdrawal of Austro-German troops[1]. The Red Army's counteroffensive in the fall and winter of 1919 against Denikin's forces, as a result of which the Bolsheviks recaptured Kyiv on December 16 and occupied most of Ukraine[1]. |
|
| T0077 | Punitive Expeditions |
Use of military units and food requisition detachments for forcible raids on Ukrainian villages to confiscate grain[2]. |
|
| T0022 | Terror |
Systematic, demonstrative violence and intimidation by the forces of the Cheka (the All-Ukrainian Cheka, VUChK) to create an atmosphere of total fear and to coerce the peasantry into surrendering food[2]. |
|
Instruments
| ID | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| S0009 | Diplomacy |
The ultimatum-style refusal of the White Guard command (General Bredov) to recognize the Ukrainian army and statehood, accompanied by the statement that "Kyiv has never been Ukrainian and never will be"[2]. |
| S0012 | Occupation and Controlled Administrations |
Introduction of a state monopoly on the grain trade and centralized control over the distribution of goods[1]. |
| S0010 | Regular Army |
A full-scale offensive by the Ukrainian Front of the Red Army in early 1919 to recapture Ukrainian cities after the withdrawal of Austro-German troops[1]. The Red Army's counteroffensive in the fall and winter of 1919 against Denikin's forces, as a result of which the Bolsheviks recaptured Kyiv on December 16 and occupied most of Ukraine[1]. |
| S0017 | Secret Police and Security Services |
Systematic, demonstrative violence and intimidation by the forces of the Cheka (the All-Ukrainian Cheka, VUChK) to create an atmosphere of total fear and to coerce the peasantry into surrendering food[2]. |
References
- Лариса Якубова, большая команда. (2013). Відносини держави, суспільства і особи під час створення радянського ладу в Україні (1917 – 1938 рр.).