White Movement (AFSR)
A military-political movement (the Armed Forces of South Russia) that advocated the restoration of a "one and indivisible" Russia. In 1918–1920 it conducted combat operations on the territory of Ukraine against both the Bolsheviks and the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR), denying Ukraine's right to independence.
Campaigns
| ID | Name | Start | End | References | Techniques |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C0074 | Second Armed Invasion and Resource Depletion (1919) | January 1919 | December 1919 |
The invasion of General Denikin's troops under the slogan of restoring a "united and indivisible Russia" and the armed ousting of Ukrainian units from Kyiv, which they had liberated, on August 31, 1919 (the "Kyiv catastrophe"), leading to the collapse of the front[1]. |
Deprivation of Agency, Economic Control, Educational Assimilation: Conversion of Schools to the Metropole's Language, Expropriation of Resources, Linguistic Assimilation: Legislative Ban on the Native Language, Liquidation of National Civic Organizations, Mass Killings of Civilians, Military Intervention, Military Intervention, Punitive Expeditions, Terror |
Techniques Used
| ID | Name | Use | |
|---|---|---|---|
| T0008 | Deprivation of Agency |
The ultimatum-style refusal of the White Guard command (General Bredov) to recognize the Ukrainian army and statehood, accompanied by the statement that "Kyiv has never been Ukrainian and never will be"[2]. |
|
| T0038 | Economic Control |
Introduction of a state monopoly on the grain trade and centralized control over the distribution of goods[1]. |
|
| T0114 | .003 | Educational Assimilation: Conversion of Schools to the Metropole's Language |
General Denikin's occupation policy aimed at destroying Ukrainian culture by abolishing the right to education in one's native language and by the outright closure of Ukrainian schools[1]. |
| T0052 | Expropriation of Resources |
Forcible requisitioning ("prodrazverstka") and the non-stop export of grain, coal, and raw materials to the RSFSR without economic compensation, which provoked riots and the Hryhoriv uprising[1]. |
|
| T0113 | .001 | Linguistic Assimilation: Legislative Ban on the Native Language |
The White Guard command's ban on the printing and distribution of Ukrainian books in the captured territories[2]. |
| T0128 | Liquidation of National Civic Organizations |
Forced closure of Ukrainian cultural and educational institutions by the White Guard administration[1]. |
|
| T0104 | Mass Killings of Civilians |
Mass executions by shooting of unarmed civilians and participants in suppressed peasant uprisings, carried out by punitive detachments to physically eliminate pockets of resistance[1]. |
|
| T0019 | Military Intervention |
The invasion of General Denikin's troops under the slogan of restoring a "united and indivisible Russia" and the armed ousting of Ukrainian units from Kyiv, which they had liberated, on August 31, 1919 (the "Kyiv catastrophe"), leading to the collapse of the front[1]. A full-scale offensive by the Ukrainian Front of the Red Army in early 1919 to recapture Ukrainian cities after the withdrawal of Austro-German troops[1]. The Red Army's counteroffensive in the fall and winter of 1919 against Denikin's forces, as a result of which the Bolsheviks recaptured Kyiv on December 16 and occupied most of Ukraine[1]. |
|
| T0077 | Punitive Expeditions |
Use of military units and food requisition detachments for forcible raids on Ukrainian villages to confiscate grain[2]. |
|
| T0022 | Terror |
Systematic, demonstrative violence and intimidation by the forces of the Cheka (the All-Ukrainian Cheka, VUChK) to create an atmosphere of total fear and to coerce the peasantry into surrendering food[2]. |
|
Instruments
| ID | Name | References | Techniques |
|---|---|---|---|
| S0009 | Diplomacy | The ultimatum-style refusal of the White Guard command (General Bredov) to recognize the Ukrainian army and statehood, accompanied by the statement that "Kyiv has never been Ukrainian and never will be"[2]. | Deprivation of Agency |
| S0012 | Occupation and Controlled Administrations | General Denikin's occupation policy aimed at destroying Ukrainian culture by abolishing the right to education in one's native language and by the outright closure of Ukrainian schools[1]. | Deprivation of Agency, Economic Control, Educational Assimilation: Conversion of Schools to the Metropole's Language, Expropriation of Resources, Linguistic Assimilation: Legislative Ban on the Native Language, Liquidation of National Civic Organizations, Mass Killings of Civilians, Military Intervention, Punitive Expeditions, Terror |
| S0010 | Regular Army | The invasion of General Denikin's troops under the slogan of restoring a "united and indivisible Russia" and the armed ousting of Ukrainian units from Kyiv, which they had liberated, on August 31, 1919 (the "Kyiv catastrophe"), leading to the collapse of the front[1]. | Deprivation of Agency, Economic Control, Expropriation of Resources, Mass Killings of Civilians, Military Intervention, Punitive Expeditions, Terror |
| S0017 | Secret Police and Security Services | Systematic, demonstrative violence and intimidation by the forces of the Cheka (the All-Ukrainian Cheka, VUChK) to create an atmosphere of total fear and to coerce the peasantry into surrendering food[2]. | Expropriation of Resources, Liquidation of National Civic Organizations, Mass Killings of Civilians, Punitive Expeditions, Terror |
References
- Лариса Якубова, большая команда. (2013). Відносини держави, суспільства і особи під час створення радянського ладу в Україні (1917 – 1938 рр.).