Aggressors may forcibly conscript members of the Indigenous people into their own armed forces to take part in combat operations (including against their own compatriots). This technique is used to extract benefits by exploiting the local population as a free human resource. At the same time, it serves the purposes of neutralizing defenses: by sending men to distant fronts, the colonizer deliberately depletes the region's demographic and military potential, depriving the society of its capacity for self-defense.
| ID | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| C0082 | "Scorched Earth" Tactics and Criminal Mobilization (1941–1945) |
Mass forced conscription, by field military enlistment offices, of the population of just-liberated territories into the ranks of the Red Army[1]. |
| C0031 | Abolition of the Cossack Order in Sloboda Ukraine (1765) |
Forced incorporation of the autochthonous armed forces into the imperial army: "the transformation of the regiments into regular hussar ones"[2]. |
| C1112 | Beginning of the political subjugation of the Nokhchi (1588–1591) |
The occupation administration obliged the subordinated Nokhchi societies to take part in military campaigns: historian E. N. Kusheva points to documents «on the possibility of the participation of Murza Shikh... in a campaign of Russian men-at-arms»[3]. |
| C1114 | Deprivation of the Nokhchi of political agency and the imposition of alien governance (1614–1616) |
The occupation administration forcibly sent subordinated Nokhchi to fight against their own compatriots: historian E. N. Kusheva indicates in the heading of a primary document that there took place a «campaign of Terek men-at-arms and Terek Okochans... against the Endirey ruler Saltan-Magmut and the people of the Okotsk and Michkiz kabaks who had joined him»[3]. |
| C1021 | Destruction of the Nokhchi Villages along the Sunzha and Erection of the Groznaya Fortress in Their Place (1817–1818) |
The Regular Army of the Russian Empire compelled the Indigenous population to perform military service on the conqueror’s side, including against their own kin. Imperial general Yermolov testifies in his "Notes" that "instead of tribute it was ordained that men be sent out for service at the requisition of the commanders," and admits: "there has not yet been an instance of anyone being able to force the Chechens to use arms against their own countrymen, but the first step toward this has already been taken, and it has been impressed upon them that this will always be demanded of them"[4]. |
| C1149 | Destruction of the Refugee Aul of Uzeni-Yurt, Extortion of Hostages from Geldigen, and Capture of Samashki Residents at Harvest (1826-1827) |
On the night of January 10, 1827, General Laptev, commander of the left flank of the Caucasian Line, forced four hundred Chechens of subjugated communities to take part in a raid on the Nokhchi village of Uzeni-Yurt with a combat mission against their compatriots. The imperial historian Potto wrote: they "swam across the Argun and were to go by a roundabout road in order to cut off the inhabitants' retreat to the forest"[5]. In the summer of 1827, General Engelhardt, commander of the left flank of the Caucasian Line, compelled to take part in the ambush on the inhabitants of Samashki, alongside a hundred Mozdok Cossacks, as Potto recorded, "as many peaceable Chechens"[5]. The subjugation of these communities was maintained by a system of hostages, as documented by Laptev's same practice with regard to Geldigen. |
| C1122 | Establishment of Alien Governance and the Mobilization of the Nokhchi for the Crimean Campaigns (1661–1676) |
The appointed controlled administration sent subordinated Nokhchi (Okochans) to take part in the metropole's Crimean campaigns: a dispatch from the Kabardian prince Kaspulat Mutsalovich Cherkassky to the Posolsky Prikaz in 1675 states that for the campaign against the Crimean ulusy he had at his disposal «190 Okochan men»[6]; the historian I. Kh. Tkhamokova adds that in 1675 detachments fought in Crimea alongside the prince «with uzdens, with the newly baptized, and with «Okochans»»[7]. |
| C1123 | Forcible Mobilization of the Nokhchi for the Russo-Turkish War (1677–1679) |
The occupation administration sent subordinated Nokhchi (Okochans) to take part in armed conflicts (the Chyhyryn campaigns) on the territory of Ukraine: the historian I. Kh. Tkhamokova notes that in 1678 the Kabardian prince Kaspulat Mutsalovich Cherkassky (under whose authority the Okochans were) received a tsar's charter «for having taken part in the Crimean and Chyhyryn campaigns»[7]; the document registers for 1678 record a dispatch from the Chuhuiv voivode Ivan Rykhtarov to the Razryadny Prikaz «on the march of the regiment of Prince Kaspulat Mutsalovich Cherkassky to Chuhuiv»[6]; and in 1679 Tsar Fedor Alekseevich issued a decree to the Posolsky Prikaz «on his regiment performing guard duty in the vicinity of Chuhuiv and Kharkiv»[6]. |
| C0063 | Formation of the Ideology of Great-Power Chauvinism (1864–1876) |
Use of Ukrainians within the imperial army as cannon fodder for waging large-scale wars of conquest and subjugating peoples in the Caucasus and Central Asia[1]. |
| S0008 | Government |
The occupation administration obliged the subordinated Nokhchi societies to take part in military campaigns: historian E. N. Kusheva points to documents «on the possibility of the participation of Murza Shikh... in a campaign of Russian men-at-arms»[3]. |
| C0011 | Integration Reforms of Peter I and the Great Northern War (1700–1708) |
The dispatch of Cossack regiments to distant theaters of war (the Baltic countries, Poland), which led to their exhaustion. The troops were "wearied by year-round military service, worn down, left without horses, and destitute"[8][9][10]. |
| C0035 | Military Annexation of the Crimean Khanate (1783) |
Use of Ukrainian peasants and Black Sea Cossacks as a military resource for storming Turkish fortresses (Ochakiv, Khotyn, Izmail) and consolidating imperial claims to Crimea[11]. |
| S0012 | Occupation and Controlled Administrations |
The occupation administration forcibly sent subordinated Nokhchi to fight against their own compatriots: historian E. N. Kusheva indicates in the heading of a primary document that there took place a «campaign of Terek men-at-arms and Terek Okochans... against the Endirey ruler Saltan-Magmut and the people of the Okotsk and Michkiz kabaks who had joined him»[3]. |
| S0012 | Occupation and Controlled Administrations |
The occupation administration of Tersky Town mobilized the metropole's subordinate allies: in a petition to Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich, the Kabardian prince Sholokh reported that «the voivode Mikita Dmitreevich Velyaminov sent me... with my father on your sovereign's service... against your sovereign's disobedient ones — the Michkiz people, against their kabaks»[3]. |
| S0012 | Occupation and Controlled Administrations |
The occupation administration compelled the subordinate Nokhchi to take part in armed conflicts: in their petition to Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich, the Okotsky murza Kokhostrov Biytemirov and the serving Okochans of Tersky Town reported that «we, your sovereign's kholops (bonded servants), fight your sovereign's disobedient ones, not sparing our heads; for you, sovereign, we shed our blood and lay down our heads»[3]. |
| S0012 | Occupation and Controlled Administrations |
The occupation administration and forces loyal to it sent the subordinate Nokhchi (Okochans) to take part in armed conflicts, including against their own compatriots: the historian I. Kh. Tkhamokova states that in 1626 the voivodes sent «252 Okochans»[7][6] on a campaign, and in 1628, during an armed incursion, the Kabardian murza Konshov-murza Bitemryukov «went against these "mountain people"... with the "Okochans"»[7]. |
| S0012 | Occupation and Controlled Administrations |
The appointed controlled administration sent subordinated Nokhchi (Okochans) to take part in the metropole's Crimean campaigns: a dispatch from the Kabardian prince Kaspulat Mutsalovich Cherkassky to the Posolsky Prikaz in 1675 states that for the campaign against the Crimean ulusy he had at his disposal «190 Okochan men»[6]; the historian I. Kh. Tkhamokova adds that in 1675 detachments fought in Crimea alongside the prince «with uzdens, with the newly baptized, and with «Okochans»»[7]. |
| S0012 | Occupation and Controlled Administrations |
The occupation administration sent subordinated Nokhchi (Okochans) to take part in armed conflicts (the Chyhyryn campaigns) on the territory of Ukraine: the historian I. Kh. Tkhamokova notes that in 1678 the Kabardian prince Kaspulat Mutsalovich Cherkassky (under whose authority the Okochans were) received a tsar's charter «for having taken part in the Crimean and Chyhyryn campaigns»[7]; the document registers for 1678 record a dispatch from the Chuhuiv voivode Ivan Rykhtarov to the Razryadny Prikaz «on the march of the regiment of Prince Kaspulat Mutsalovich Cherkassky to Chuhuiv»[6]; and in 1679 Tsar Fedor Alekseevich issued a decree to the Posolsky Prikaz «on his regiment performing guard duty in the vicinity of Chuhuiv and Kharkiv»[6]. |
| C1120 | Punitive campaign and the devastation of the Nokhchi mountain communities (1617–1618) |
The occupation administration of Tersky Town mobilized the metropole's subordinate allies: in a petition to Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich, the Kabardian prince Sholokh reported that «the voivode Mikita Dmitreevich Velyaminov sent me... with my father on your sovereign's service... against your sovereign's disobedient ones — the Michkiz people, against their kabaks»[3]. |
| S0010 | Regular Army |
The dispatch of Cossack regiments to distant theaters of war (the Baltic countries, Poland), which led to their exhaustion. The troops were "wearied by year-round military service, worn down, left without horses, and destitute"[8][9][10]. |
| S0010 | Regular Army |
Forced incorporation of the autochthonous armed forces into the imperial army: "the transformation of the regiments into regular hussar ones"[2]. |
| S0010 | Regular Army |
Use of Ukrainian Cossack regiments for the grueling war against the Ottoman Empire: mobilization of the indigenous people's resources for imperial expansion[12]. |
| S0010 | Regular Army |
Use of Ukrainian peasants and Black Sea Cossacks as a military resource for storming Turkish fortresses (Ochakiv, Khotyn, Izmail) and consolidating imperial claims to Crimea[11]. |
| S0010 | Regular Army |
Use of Ukrainian resources and Cossack regiments in yet another Russo-Turkish war for imperial geopolitical expansion[13]. |
| S0010 | Regular Army |
Mass conscription into the militia and formation of Cossack regiments for the war against France (the formation of 22 regiments and 75,000 militiamen) on the basis of the authorities' false promises to restore Cossack liberties[14]. |
| S0010 | Regular Army |
Mass conscription of peasants as recruits and militia for participation in the Crimean War, which was arduous for the empire[15]. |
| S0010 | Regular Army |
Use of Ukrainians within the imperial army as cannon fodder for waging large-scale wars of conquest and subjugating peoples in the Caucasus and Central Asia[1]. |
| S0010 | Regular Army |
Use of the inhabitants of the colonized Ukrainian governorates as cannon fodder in yet another bloody war in the Balkans[1][16]. |
| S0010 | Regular Army |
Forced conscription of millions of Ukrainians into the Russian imperial army to take part in World War I for the alien geopolitical interests of empires[17]. |
| S0010 | Regular Army |
Mass forced conscription, by field military enlistment offices, of the population of just-liberated territories into the ranks of the Red Army[1]. |
| S0010 | Regular Army |
The Regular Army of the Russian Empire compelled the Indigenous population to perform military service on the conqueror’s side, including against their own kin. Imperial general Yermolov testifies in his "Notes" that "instead of tribute it was ordained that men be sent out for service at the requisition of the commanders," and admits: "there has not yet been an instance of anyone being able to force the Chechens to use arms against their own countrymen, but the first step toward this has already been taken, and it has been impressed upon them that this will always be demanded of them"[4]. |
| S0010 | Regular Army |
On the night of January 10, 1827, General Laptev, commander of the left flank of the Caucasian Line, forced four hundred Chechens of subjugated communities to take part in a raid on the Nokhchi village of Uzeni-Yurt with a combat mission against their compatriots. The imperial historian Potto wrote: they "swam across the Argun and were to go by a roundabout road in order to cut off the inhabitants' retreat to the forest"[5]. In the summer of 1827, General Engelhardt, commander of the left flank of the Caucasian Line, compelled to take part in the ambush on the inhabitants of Samashki, alongside a hundred Mozdok Cossacks, as Potto recorded, "as many peaceable Chechens"[5]. The subjugation of these communities was maintained by a system of hostages, as documented by Laptev's same practice with regard to Geldigen. |
| G0009 | Russian Empire |
Forced incorporation of the autochthonous armed forces into the imperial army: "the transformation of the regiments into regular hussar ones"[2]. |
| G0009 | Russian Empire |
Use of Ukrainian Cossack regiments for the grueling war against the Ottoman Empire: mobilization of the indigenous people's resources for imperial expansion[12]. |
| G0009 | Russian Empire |
Use of Ukrainian peasants and Black Sea Cossacks as a military resource for storming Turkish fortresses (Ochakiv, Khotyn, Izmail) and consolidating imperial claims to Crimea[11]. |
| G0009 | Russian Empire |
Use of Ukrainian resources and Cossack regiments in yet another Russo-Turkish war for imperial geopolitical expansion[13]. |
| G0009 | Russian Empire |
Mass conscription into the militia and formation of Cossack regiments for the war against France (the formation of 22 regiments and 75,000 militiamen) on the basis of the authorities' false promises to restore Cossack liberties[14]. |
| G0009 | Russian Empire |
Mass conscription of peasants as recruits and militia for participation in the Crimean War, which was arduous for the empire[15]. |
| G0009 | Russian Empire |
Use of Ukrainians within the imperial army as cannon fodder for waging large-scale wars of conquest and subjugating peoples in the Caucasus and Central Asia[1]. |
| G0009 | Russian Empire |
Use of the inhabitants of the colonized Ukrainian governorates as cannon fodder in yet another bloody war in the Balkans[1][16]. |
| G0009 | Russian Empire |
Forced conscription of millions of Ukrainians into the Russian imperial army to take part in World War I for the alien geopolitical interests of empires[17]. |
| G0009 | Russian Empire |
The Regular Army of the Russian Empire compelled the Indigenous population to perform military service on the conqueror’s side, including against their own kin. Imperial general Yermolov testifies in his "Notes" that "instead of tribute it was ordained that men be sent out for service at the requisition of the commanders," and admits: "there has not yet been an instance of anyone being able to force the Chechens to use arms against their own countrymen, but the first step toward this has already been taken, and it has been impressed upon them that this will always be demanded of them"[4]. |
| G0009 | Russian Empire |
On the night of January 10, 1827, General Laptev, commander of the left flank of the Caucasian Line, forced four hundred Chechens of subjugated communities to take part in a raid on the Nokhchi village of Uzeni-Yurt with a combat mission against their compatriots. The imperial historian Potto wrote: they "swam across the Argun and were to go by a roundabout road in order to cut off the inhabitants' retreat to the forest"[5]. In the summer of 1827, General Engelhardt, commander of the left flank of the Caucasian Line, compelled to take part in the ambush on the inhabitants of Samashki, alongside a hundred Mozdok Cossacks, as Potto recorded, "as many peaceable Chechens"[5]. The subjugation of these communities was maintained by a system of hostages, as documented by Laptev's same practice with regard to Geldigen. |
| C0064 | Russo-Turkish War and Pan-Slavism (1877–1878) |
Use of the inhabitants of the colonized Ukrainian governorates as cannon fodder in yet another bloody war in the Balkans[1][16]. |
| C0039 | Russo-Turkish War and the Annexation of Bessarabia (1806–1812) |
Use of Ukrainian resources and Cossack regiments in yet another Russo-Turkish war for imperial geopolitical expansion[13]. |
| C0032 | Russo-Turkish War and the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1768–1774) |
Use of Ukrainian Cossack regiments for the grueling war against the Ottoman Empire: mobilization of the indigenous people's resources for imperial expansion[12]. |
| C0061 | The Crimean War and the Suppression of the "Kyiv Cossack Movement" (1853–1856) |
Mass conscription of peasants as recruits and militia for participation in the Crimean War, which was arduous for the empire[15]. |
| G0008 | Tsardom of Muscovy |
The dispatch of Cossack regiments to distant theaters of war (the Baltic countries, Poland), which led to their exhaustion. The troops were "wearied by year-round military service, worn down, left without horses, and destitute"[8][9][10]. |
| G0008 | Tsardom of Muscovy |
The occupation administration obliged the subordinated Nokhchi societies to take part in military campaigns: historian E. N. Kusheva points to documents «on the possibility of the participation of Murza Shikh... in a campaign of Russian men-at-arms»[3]. |
| G0008 | Tsardom of Muscovy |
The occupation administration forcibly sent subordinated Nokhchi to fight against their own compatriots: historian E. N. Kusheva indicates in the heading of a primary document that there took place a «campaign of Terek men-at-arms and Terek Okochans... against the Endirey ruler Saltan-Magmut and the people of the Okotsk and Michkiz kabaks who had joined him»[3]. |
| G0008 | Tsardom of Muscovy |
The occupation administration of Tersky Town mobilized the metropole's subordinate allies: in a petition to Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich, the Kabardian prince Sholokh reported that «the voivode Mikita Dmitreevich Velyaminov sent me... with my father on your sovereign's service... against your sovereign's disobedient ones — the Michkiz people, against their kabaks»[3]. |
| G0008 | Tsardom of Muscovy |
The occupation administration compelled the subordinate Nokhchi to take part in armed conflicts: in their petition to Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich, the Okotsky murza Kokhostrov Biytemirov and the serving Okochans of Tersky Town reported that «we, your sovereign's kholops (bonded servants), fight your sovereign's disobedient ones, not sparing our heads; for you, sovereign, we shed our blood and lay down our heads»[3]. |
| G0008 | Tsardom of Muscovy |
The occupation administration and forces loyal to it sent the subordinate Nokhchi (Okochans) to take part in armed conflicts, including against their own compatriots: the historian I. Kh. Tkhamokova states that in 1626 the voivodes sent «252 Okochans»[7][6] on a campaign, and in 1628, during an armed incursion, the Kabardian murza Konshov-murza Bitemryukov «went against these "mountain people"... with the "Okochans"»[7]. |
| G0008 | Tsardom of Muscovy |
The appointed controlled administration sent subordinated Nokhchi (Okochans) to take part in the metropole's Crimean campaigns: a dispatch from the Kabardian prince Kaspulat Mutsalovich Cherkassky to the Posolsky Prikaz in 1675 states that for the campaign against the Crimean ulusy he had at his disposal «190 Okochan men»[6]; the historian I. Kh. Tkhamokova adds that in 1675 detachments fought in Crimea alongside the prince «with uzdens, with the newly baptized, and with «Okochans»»[7]. |
| G0008 | Tsardom of Muscovy |
The occupation administration sent subordinated Nokhchi (Okochans) to take part in armed conflicts (the Chyhyryn campaigns) on the territory of Ukraine: the historian I. Kh. Tkhamokova notes that in 1678 the Kabardian prince Kaspulat Mutsalovich Cherkassky (under whose authority the Okochans were) received a tsar's charter «for having taken part in the Crimean and Chyhyryn campaigns»[7]; the document registers for 1678 record a dispatch from the Chuhuiv voivode Ivan Rykhtarov to the Razryadny Prikaz «on the march of the regiment of Prince Kaspulat Mutsalovich Cherkassky to Chuhuiv»[6]; and in 1679 Tsar Fedor Alekseevich issued a decree to the Posolsky Prikaz «on his regiment performing guard duty in the vicinity of Chuhuiv and Kharkiv»[6]. |
| C1116 | Use of the Nokhchi in Military Expeditions, Intervention, and Imposition of Yasak (1626–1628) |
The occupation administration compelled the subordinate Nokhchi to take part in armed conflicts: in their petition to Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich, the Okotsky murza Kokhostrov Biytemirov and the serving Okochans of Tersky Town reported that «we, your sovereign's kholops (bonded servants), fight your sovereign's disobedient ones, not sparing our heads; for you, sovereign, we shed our blood and lay down our heads»[3]. |
| C1116 | Use of the Nokhchi in Military Expeditions, Intervention, and Imposition of Yasak (1626–1628) |
The occupation administration and forces loyal to it sent the subordinate Nokhchi (Okochans) to take part in armed conflicts, including against their own compatriots: the historian I. Kh. Tkhamokova states that in 1626 the voivodes sent «252 Okochans»[7][6] on a campaign, and in 1628, during an armed incursion, the Kabardian murza Konshov-murza Bitemryukov «went against these "mountain people"... with the "Okochans"»[7]. |
| G0010 | USSR |
Mass forced conscription, by field military enlistment offices, of the population of just-liberated territories into the ranks of the Red Army[1]. |
| C0040 | War with Napoleon: Forced Mobilization and Deception (1812) |
Mass conscription into the militia and formation of Cossack regiments for the war against France (the formation of 22 regiments and 75,000 militiamen) on the basis of the authorities' false promises to restore Cossack liberties[14]. |
| C0070 | World War I and the Occupation of Galicia (1914–1917) |
Forced conscription of millions of Ukrainians into the Russian imperial army to take part in World War I for the alien geopolitical interests of empires[17]. |