Aggressors may forcibly conscript the local population into heavy, dangerous, or unpaid labor in the interests of the metropole. This technique serves the direct extraction of benefits through the use of free or extremely cheap labor for the implementation of the colonizer's state megaprojects and military or industrial needs. At the same time, this practice is used for the neutralization of defenses: the removal of the able-bodied population from the region's economy and labor under conditions associated with high mortality physically exhaust the society and reduce its demographic potential.
| ID | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| C0081 | Annexation and Sovietization of Western Ukraine (1939–1941) |
Use of the GULAG camp system as an institution of state slavery for the forced and lethally dangerous exploitation of the labor of repressed Ukrainians[1]. |
| C0010 | Azov Campaigns and Fortress Construction (1695–1700) |
The forced use of Cossacks to build imperial infrastructure under harsh conditions: "in the making of fortifications around the Kyiv-Pechersk Monastery"[2][3]. |
| C0017 | Construction of Saint Petersburg and the Ladoga Canal (1704–1725) |
Mass mobilization of Cossack regiments for hard construction labor in Ingria[2]. |
| C1114 | Deprivation of the Nokhchi of political agency and the imposition of alien governance (1614–1616) |
The appointed administration forced the Indigenous population into unpaid labor: historian E. N. Kusheva points out that the Kabardian prince Sunchaley Yanglychevich Cherkassky compelled the service Okochans of the Terek town subordinate to him «to make all manner of wares for him, to plow the fields and to mow the hay»[4]. The metropole itself went years without paying for the military service of the Indigenous population: a report from the Terek voivode Pyotr Petrovich Golovin to the Astrakhan voivode Ivan Nikitich Odoyevsky records that they «serve the sovereign tsar... in all manner of the sovereign's Terek... services... yet have not been granted the sovereign's monetary and grain salary for the tenth year now»[5]. |
| C1021 | Destruction of the Nokhchi Villages along the Sunzha and Erection of the Groznaya Fortress in Their Place (1817–1818) |
The Regular Army of the Russian Empire forced Chechen villages to make deliveries and perform labor for the construction of the fortress. Imperial general Yermolov testifies in his "Notes": "the villages from which we held amanats were ordered to deliver timber for the construction"; the nearest villages "dared not show disobedience"[6]. |
| C1115 | Economic Exploitation and Creation of Dependency of the Nokhchi (1617–1622) |
The occupation administration deliberately exhausted the Indigenous population materially, forcing them to perform compulsory service at their own expense: in a petition submitted to Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich, the Okotsky murza Kokhostrov Biytemirov and the serving Okochans of Tersky Town reported that, because their allowance went unpaid, they «were left without grain, have utterly perished from hunger and every hardship, have fallen, sovereign, into great debt, and are dying a death of starvation together with our wives and little children»[7]. |
| C0077 | Forced Collectivization and Dekulakization (1928–1932) |
Use of dekulakized peasants, sent into the emerging GULAG system, as forced unpaid labor for heavy state projects[8]. |
| S0008 | Government |
Use of the local population's cheap labor in mines and metallurgical plants under conditions of extreme exploitation[9]. |
| C0066 | Industrial Colonization and Resource Exploitation of the South (1890) |
Use of the local population's cheap labor in mines and metallurgical plants under conditions of extreme exploitation[9]. |
| C0011 | Integration Reforms of Peter I and the Great Northern War (1700–1708) |
The mass conscription of the population for the construction of military installations in Moscow's interests. The tsar officially thanked the hetman for "the considerable labors borne... in the making of the Pechersk fortification"[2][3]. |
| C0041 | Introduction of Military Settlements and Liquidation of the Danubian Sich (1817–1828) |
Mass transfer of peasants and Cossacks to the status of rightless military settlers (the Arakcheyevshchina). The brutal exploitation of their labor provoked the revolt of the Buh Cossacks in 1817[10]. |
| C1145 | Night Attack on the Aul of Topli, Burning of Germenchuk, and Coercion of the Nokhchi to Fell Their Own Forests (1820) |
The Russian Empire forcibly compelled the Nokhchi to work for the conqueror — to cut clearings through their own forests. The imperial historian Potto writes that Grekov, commander of the left flank, "gathered the elders of the surrounding villages and ordered them to send out workers with axes for the felling at once," and under threat of reprisal "compelled the Chechens to obey," after which the conscripted inhabitants cut a clearing through their own forest[11]. |
| S0012 | Occupation and Controlled Administrations |
The appointed administration forced the Indigenous population into unpaid labor: historian E. N. Kusheva points out that the Kabardian prince Sunchaley Yanglychevich Cherkassky compelled the service Okochans of the Terek town subordinate to him «to make all manner of wares for him, to plow the fields and to mow the hay»[4]. The metropole itself went years without paying for the military service of the Indigenous population: a report from the Terek voivode Pyotr Petrovich Golovin to the Astrakhan voivode Ivan Nikitich Odoyevsky records that they «serve the sovereign tsar... in all manner of the sovereign's Terek... services... yet have not been granted the sovereign's monetary and grain salary for the tenth year now»[5]. |
| S0012 | Occupation and Controlled Administrations |
The occupation administration deliberately exhausted the Indigenous population materially, forcing them to perform compulsory service at their own expense: in a petition submitted to Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich, the Okotsky murza Kokhostrov Biytemirov and the serving Okochans of Tersky Town reported that, because their allowance went unpaid, they «were left without grain, have utterly perished from hunger and every hardship, have fallen, sovereign, into great debt, and are dying a death of starvation together with our wives and little children»[7]. |
| S0010 | Regular Army |
The forced use of Cossacks to build imperial infrastructure under harsh conditions: "in the making of fortifications around the Kyiv-Pechersk Monastery"[2][3]. |
| S0010 | Regular Army |
The mass conscription of the population for the construction of military installations in Moscow's interests. The tsar officially thanked the hetman for "the considerable labors borne... in the making of the Pechersk fortification"[2][3]. |
| S0010 | Regular Army |
Mass mobilization of Cossack regiments for hard construction labor in Ingria[2]. |
| S0010 | Regular Army |
Mass transfer of peasants and Cossacks to the status of rightless military settlers (the Arakcheyevshchina). The brutal exploitation of their labor provoked the revolt of the Buh Cossacks in 1817[10]. |
| S0010 | Regular Army |
The Regular Army of the Russian Empire forced Chechen villages to make deliveries and perform labor for the construction of the fortress. Imperial general Yermolov testifies in his "Notes": "the villages from which we held amanats were ordered to deliver timber for the construction"; the nearest villages "dared not show disobedience"[6]. |
| S0010 | Regular Army |
The Russian Empire forcibly compelled the Nokhchi to work for the conqueror — to cut clearings through their own forests. The imperial historian Potto writes that Grekov, commander of the left flank, "gathered the elders of the surrounding villages and ordered them to send out workers with axes for the felling at once," and under threat of reprisal "compelled the Chechens to obey," after which the conscripted inhabitants cut a clearing through their own forest[11]. |
| S0010 | Regular Army |
The Russian Empire compelled the Nokhchi themselves to cut military clearings through their own forests. Historian D. A. Khozhaev writes that in imposing the line, the conquerors "compelled the subjugated Highlanders to heavy labor building roads and bridges," while those who evaded it were "fined mercilessly, with their livestock and property confiscated"[12]. The imperial historian Potto confirms that the clearings from Amir-Adzhi-Yurt to Oisungur, Isti-Su, and Gerzel-Aul "through the narrow forested strip… were worked by the natives themselves, under the supervision of the Aksai princes"[11]. |
| G0009 | Russian Empire |
Mass transfer of peasants and Cossacks to the status of rightless military settlers (the Arakcheyevshchina). The brutal exploitation of their labor provoked the revolt of the Buh Cossacks in 1817[10]. |
| G0009 | Russian Empire |
Use of the local population's cheap labor in mines and metallurgical plants under conditions of extreme exploitation[9]. |
| G0009 | Russian Empire |
The Regular Army of the Russian Empire forced Chechen villages to make deliveries and perform labor for the construction of the fortress. Imperial general Yermolov testifies in his "Notes": "the villages from which we held amanats were ordered to deliver timber for the construction"; the nearest villages "dared not show disobedience"[6]. |
| G0009 | Russian Empire |
The Russian Empire forcibly compelled the Nokhchi to work for the conqueror — to cut clearings through their own forests. The imperial historian Potto writes that Grekov, commander of the left flank, "gathered the elders of the surrounding villages and ordered them to send out workers with axes for the felling at once," and under threat of reprisal "compelled the Chechens to obey," after which the conscripted inhabitants cut a clearing through their own forest[11]. |
| G0009 | Russian Empire |
The Russian Empire compelled the Nokhchi themselves to cut military clearings through their own forests. Historian D. A. Khozhaev writes that in imposing the line, the conquerors "compelled the subjugated Highlanders to heavy labor building roads and bridges," while those who evaded it were "fined mercilessly, with their livestock and property confiscated"[12]. The imperial historian Potto confirms that the clearings from Amir-Adzhi-Yurt to Oisungur, Isti-Su, and Gerzel-Aul "through the narrow forested strip… were worked by the natives themselves, under the supervision of the Aksai princes"[11]. |
| S0017 | Secret Police and Security Services |
Use of dekulakized peasants, sent into the emerging GULAG system, as forced unpaid labor for heavy state projects[8]. |
| S0017 | Secret Police and Security Services |
Lethally dangerous exploitation of the labor of Ukrainian peasants, convicted en masse under the "law of five ears of grain" and exiled to corrective labor camps during the Holodomor[8]. |
| S0017 | Secret Police and Security Services |
Use of the GULAG camp system as an institution of state slavery for the forced and lethally dangerous exploitation of the labor of repressed Ukrainians[1]. |
| S0017 | Secret Police and Security Services |
Use of captured resistance members as free labor in the concentration camp system (for example, dispatch to the Chernogorsk special camp in Krasnoyarsk Krai for hard labor)[1]. |
| C1146 | Suppression of the Nokhchi Uprising: Devastation of Villages and Forced Forest Felling by Grekov (1821-1822) |
The Russian Empire compelled the Nokhchi themselves to cut military clearings through their own forests. Historian D. A. Khozhaev writes that in imposing the line, the conquerors "compelled the subjugated Highlanders to heavy labor building roads and bridges," while those who evaded it were "fined mercilessly, with their livestock and property confiscated"[12]. The imperial historian Potto confirms that the clearings from Amir-Adzhi-Yurt to Oisungur, Isti-Su, and Gerzel-Aul "through the narrow forested strip… were worked by the natives themselves, under the supervision of the Aksai princes"[11]. |
| C0084 | Suppression of UPA Resistance and Operation "Vistula" (1944–1951) |
Use of captured resistance members as free labor in the concentration camp system (for example, dispatch to the Chernogorsk special camp in Krasnoyarsk Krai for hard labor)[1]. |
| C0078 | Terror by Famine: The Holodomor (1932–1933) |
Lethally dangerous exploitation of the labor of Ukrainian peasants, convicted en masse under the "law of five ears of grain" and exiled to corrective labor camps during the Holodomor[8]. |
| G0008 | Tsardom of Muscovy |
The forced use of Cossacks to build imperial infrastructure under harsh conditions: "in the making of fortifications around the Kyiv-Pechersk Monastery"[2][3]. |
| G0008 | Tsardom of Muscovy |
The mass conscription of the population for the construction of military installations in Moscow's interests. The tsar officially thanked the hetman for "the considerable labors borne... in the making of the Pechersk fortification"[2][3]. |
| G0008 | Tsardom of Muscovy |
Mass mobilization of Cossack regiments for hard construction labor in Ingria[2]. |
| G0008 | Tsardom of Muscovy |
The appointed administration forced the Indigenous population into unpaid labor: historian E. N. Kusheva points out that the Kabardian prince Sunchaley Yanglychevich Cherkassky compelled the service Okochans of the Terek town subordinate to him «to make all manner of wares for him, to plow the fields and to mow the hay»[4]. The metropole itself went years without paying for the military service of the Indigenous population: a report from the Terek voivode Pyotr Petrovich Golovin to the Astrakhan voivode Ivan Nikitich Odoyevsky records that they «serve the sovereign tsar... in all manner of the sovereign's Terek... services... yet have not been granted the sovereign's monetary and grain salary for the tenth year now»[5]. |
| G0008 | Tsardom of Muscovy |
The occupation administration deliberately exhausted the Indigenous population materially, forcing them to perform compulsory service at their own expense: in a petition submitted to Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich, the Okotsky murza Kokhostrov Biytemirov and the serving Okochans of Tersky Town reported that, because their allowance went unpaid, they «were left without grain, have utterly perished from hunger and every hardship, have fallen, sovereign, into great debt, and are dying a death of starvation together with our wives and little children»[7]. |
| G0010 | USSR |
Use of dekulakized peasants, sent into the emerging GULAG system, as forced unpaid labor for heavy state projects[8]. |
| G0010 | USSR |
Lethally dangerous exploitation of the labor of Ukrainian peasants, convicted en masse under the "law of five ears of grain" and exiled to corrective labor camps during the Holodomor[8]. |
| G0010 | USSR |
Use of the GULAG camp system as an institution of state slavery for the forced and lethally dangerous exploitation of the labor of repressed Ukrainians[1]. |
| G0010 | USSR |
Use of captured resistance members as free labor in the concentration camp system (for example, dispatch to the Chernogorsk special camp in Krasnoyarsk Krai for hard labor)[1]. |