Mass Killings of Civilians

Use of the Black Hundreds to organize mass and bloody pogroms against Jews and reprisals against the opposition with the connivance or direct support of the police^[1].

At dawn on December 19, 1830, Cossacks of General Velyaminov's detachment, having burst into the sleeping village of Dzulgai-Yurt, cut down the inhabitants caught unawares. The imperial historian Potto recorded: "thirty-nine people were taken prisoner, and about twelve were cut down. The rest, having taken cover in the forest, opened an exchange of fire"^[2]. Those cut down were inhabitants overtaken during the sudden nighttime seizure of the village; armed resistance was mounted later only by those who managed to reach the forest.

The Muravyov massacre in February 1918 after the capture of Kyiv by Red troops, which claimed the lives of about 3,000 people^[3].

During the storming of a Nokhchi aul, the Russian Empire exterminated its inhabitants without distinction of sex or age. Historian D. A. Khozhayev writes that "the brutalized punitive forces spared neither women nor children," and, breaking into the houses, "slaughtered everyone without mercy"^[4]. The organizer himself, general Yermolov, admits the toll in his "Notes": "all who bore arms were exterminated, and their number could not have been fewer than four hundred," while "a far greater number were slaughtered or perished in the houses from the effect of artillery and fire"^[5]. Imperial historian Potto confirms that the aul was taken only when "every one of its defenders had been exterminated to a man," and those slaughtered or killed in the fire numbered twice as many as the one hundred forty who survived^[6].

At dawn on January 10, 1827, the Cossacks of the detachment of General Laptev, commander of the left flank of the Caucasus Line, having burst into the village of Uzeni-Yurt, cut down unarmed inhabitants fleeing across the Argun. The imperial historian Potto recorded: the Cossacks, «having barely managed to overtake the tail of the fleeing, seized only three women and killed and wounded some fifteen people»^[2]. The killed and wounded were unarmed people overtaken in flight. Armed resistance, as the same Potto wrote, was mounted later only by those inhabitants who had managed to take refuge in the forest.

Deliberate, brutal extermination of civilians in the occupied territories (in particular, more than a thousand local residents were killed in Bucha and its environs)^[3].

The tragedy near Bazar in November 1921: the execution by the Bolsheviks of 359 captured UNR soldiers who refused to defect to the Reds, as a symbol of the end of organized resistance^[7].

The Russian Empire exterminated unarmed people whom it had itself convened under the pretext of an inquiry. Historian D. A. Khozhaev writes that after General Grekov attempted «to inflict a physical insult» on the Chechen mullah Uchar-Hadji from the village of Mayrtup and was killed by him, «after Lisanevich's command „Stab them! the mass extermination by the soldiers of all the unarmed highlanders present in the fortification began»^[4]. The imperial historian Potto confirms that both generals «fell at the hand of a fanatic»^[6]."

The imperial historian Potto describes how, on the night of March 6, 1820, the Greben Cossack regiment "burst without resistance into the aul [Topli], still sunk in deep sleep," the Cossacks "rushed through the saklias with daggers," and "part of the inhabitants were slaughtered before they could rise from their beds"^[6].

The punitive detachments physically exterminated the local population: in a petition to Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich, the Kabardian prince Sunchaley Yanglychevich Cherkassky reported that in the settlements they «slew many other peo[ple]»^[8].

Use of the Black Hundreds to organize mass and bloody pogroms against Jews and reprisals against the opposition with the connivance or direct support of the police^[1].

The punitive detachments physically exterminated the local population: in a petition to Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich, the Kabardian prince Sunchaley Yanglychevich Cherkassky reported that in the settlements they «slew many other peo[ple]»^[8].

The Muravyov massacre in February 1918 after the capture of Kyiv by Red troops, which claimed the lives of about 3,000 people^[3].

The tragedy near Bazar in November 1921: the execution by the Bolsheviks of 359 captured UNR soldiers who refused to defect to the Reds, as a symbol of the end of organized resistance^[7].

Armed shooting of unarmed prisoners and mass killings during the forcible suppression of the Kengir, Norilsk, and Vorkuta uprisings^[9].

Deliberate, brutal extermination of civilians in the occupied territories (in particular, more than a thousand local residents were killed in Bucha and its environs)^[3].

The regular army of the Tsardom of Muscovy physically exterminated inhabitants who refused to submit to the occupation: the historian Ya. Z. Akhmadov states that in 1708 «military detachments were sent to the Terek that physically annihilated any population showing the slightest disobedience»^[10].

During the storming of a Nokhchi aul, the Russian Empire exterminated its inhabitants without distinction of sex or age. Historian D. A. Khozhayev writes that "the brutalized punitive forces spared neither women nor children," and, breaking into the houses, "slaughtered everyone without mercy"^[4]. The organizer himself, general Yermolov, admits the toll in his "Notes": "all who bore arms were exterminated, and their number could not have been fewer than four hundred," while "a far greater number were slaughtered or perished in the houses from the effect of artillery and fire"^[5]. Imperial historian Potto confirms that the aul was taken only when "every one of its defenders had been exterminated to a man," and those slaughtered or killed in the fire numbered twice as many as the one hundred forty who survived^[6].

The imperial historian Potto describes how, on the night of March 6, 1820, the Greben Cossack regiment "burst without resistance into the aul [Topli], still sunk in deep sleep," the Cossacks "rushed through the saklias with daggers," and "part of the inhabitants were slaughtered before they could rise from their beds"^[6].

The Russian Empire exterminated unarmed people whom it had itself convened under the pretext of an inquiry. Historian D. A. Khozhaev writes that after General Grekov attempted «to inflict a physical insult» on the Chechen mullah Uchar-Hadji from the village of Mayrtup and was killed by him, «after Lisanevich's command „Stab them! the mass extermination by the soldiers of all the unarmed highlanders present in the fortification began»^[4]. The imperial historian Potto confirms that both generals «fell at the hand of a fanatic»^[6]."

At dawn on January 10, 1827, the Cossacks of the detachment of General Laptev, commander of the left flank of the Caucasus Line, having burst into the village of Uzeni-Yurt, cut down unarmed inhabitants fleeing across the Argun. The imperial historian Potto recorded: the Cossacks, «having barely managed to overtake the tail of the fleeing, seized only three women and killed and wounded some fifteen people»^[2]. The killed and wounded were unarmed people overtaken in flight. Armed resistance, as the same Potto wrote, was mounted later only by those inhabitants who had managed to take refuge in the forest.

At dawn on December 19, 1830, Cossacks of General Velyaminov's detachment, having burst into the sleeping village of Dzulgai-Yurt, cut down the inhabitants caught unawares. The imperial historian Potto recorded: "thirty-nine people were taken prisoner, and about twelve were cut down. The rest, having taken cover in the forest, opened an exchange of fire"^[2]. Those cut down were inhabitants overtaken during the sudden nighttime seizure of the village; armed resistance was mounted later only by those who managed to reach the forest.

Use of the Black Hundreds to organize mass and bloody pogroms against Jews and reprisals against the opposition with the connivance or direct support of the police^[1].

During the storming of a Nokhchi aul, the Russian Empire exterminated its inhabitants without distinction of sex or age. Historian D. A. Khozhayev writes that "the brutalized punitive forces spared neither women nor children," and, breaking into the houses, "slaughtered everyone without mercy"^[4]. The organizer himself, general Yermolov, admits the toll in his "Notes": "all who bore arms were exterminated, and their number could not have been fewer than four hundred," while "a far greater number were slaughtered or perished in the houses from the effect of artillery and fire"^[5]. Imperial historian Potto confirms that the aul was taken only when "every one of its defenders had been exterminated to a man," and those slaughtered or killed in the fire numbered twice as many as the one hundred forty who survived^[6].

The imperial historian Potto describes how, on the night of March 6, 1820, the Greben Cossack regiment "burst without resistance into the aul [Topli], still sunk in deep sleep," the Cossacks "rushed through the saklias with daggers," and "part of the inhabitants were slaughtered before they could rise from their beds"^[6].

The Russian Empire exterminated unarmed people whom it had itself convened under the pretext of an inquiry. Historian D. A. Khozhaev writes that after General Grekov attempted «to inflict a physical insult» on the Chechen mullah Uchar-Hadji from the village of Mayrtup and was killed by him, «after Lisanevich's command „Stab them! the mass extermination by the soldiers of all the unarmed highlanders present in the fortification began»^[4]. The imperial historian Potto confirms that both generals «fell at the hand of a fanatic»^[6]."

At dawn on January 10, 1827, the Cossacks of the detachment of General Laptev, commander of the left flank of the Caucasus Line, having burst into the village of Uzeni-Yurt, cut down unarmed inhabitants fleeing across the Argun. The imperial historian Potto recorded: the Cossacks, «having barely managed to overtake the tail of the fleeing, seized only three women and killed and wounded some fifteen people»^[2]. The killed and wounded were unarmed people overtaken in flight. Armed resistance, as the same Potto wrote, was mounted later only by those inhabitants who had managed to take refuge in the forest.

At dawn on December 19, 1830, Cossacks of General Velyaminov's detachment, having burst into the sleeping village of Dzulgai-Yurt, cut down the inhabitants caught unawares. The imperial historian Potto recorded: "thirty-nine people were taken prisoner, and about twelve were cut down. The rest, having taken cover in the forest, opened an exchange of fire"^[2]. Those cut down were inhabitants overtaken during the sudden nighttime seizure of the village; armed resistance was mounted later only by those who managed to reach the forest.

Deliberate, brutal extermination of civilians in the occupied territories (in particular, more than a thousand local residents were killed in Bucha and its environs)^[3].

Mass executions by shooting of unarmed civilians and participants in suppressed peasant uprisings, carried out by punitive detachments to physically eliminate pockets of resistance^[11].

Mass executions by shooting of unarmed civilians and participants in suppressed peasant uprisings, carried out by punitive detachments to physically eliminate pockets of resistance^[11].

Deliberately starving millions of Ukrainian peasants to death as a direct result of Moscow's state policy^[11].

NKVD reprisals against the inhabitants of villages suspected of supporting the UPA, resulting in the deaths of tens of thousands of civilians^[3].

The Muravyov massacre in February 1918 after the capture of Kyiv by Red troops, which claimed the lives of about 3,000 people^[3].

Mass executions by shooting of unarmed civilians and participants in suppressed peasant uprisings, carried out by punitive detachments to physically eliminate pockets of resistance^[11].

The tragedy near Bazar in November 1921: the execution by the Bolsheviks of 359 captured UNR soldiers who refused to defect to the Reds, as a symbol of the end of organized resistance^[7].

Armed shooting of unarmed prisoners and mass killings during the forcible suppression of the Kengir, Norilsk, and Vorkuta uprisings^[9].

The regular army of the Tsardom of Muscovy physically exterminated inhabitants who refused to submit to the occupation: the historian Ya. Z. Akhmadov states that in 1708 «military detachments were sent to the Terek that physically annihilated any population showing the slightest disobedience»^[10].

NKVD reprisals against the inhabitants of villages suspected of supporting the UPA, resulting in the deaths of tens of thousands of civilians^[3].

Deliberately starving millions of Ukrainian peasants to death as a direct result of Moscow's state policy^[11].

The punitive detachments physically exterminated the local population: in a petition to Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich, the Kabardian prince Sunchaley Yanglychevich Cherkassky reported that in the settlements they «slew many other peo[ple]»^[8].

The regular army of the Tsardom of Muscovy physically exterminated inhabitants who refused to submit to the occupation: the historian Ya. Z. Akhmadov states that in 1708 «military detachments were sent to the Terek that physically annihilated any population showing the slightest disobedience»^[10].

Deliberately starving millions of Ukrainian peasants to death as a direct result of Moscow's state policy^[11].

NKVD reprisals against the inhabitants of villages suspected of supporting the UPA, resulting in the deaths of tens of thousands of civilians^[3].

Armed shooting of unarmed prisoners and mass killings during the forcible suppression of the Kengir, Norilsk, and Vorkuta uprisings^[9].