Soviet Russia (RSFSR)

An attempt at the bureaucratic resubordination of territories — declaring the Donbas an autonomous part directly linked to Russia, bypassing any Ukrainian authorities^[2].

The signing of the Treaty of Riga in March 1921: a backroom division of spheres of influence and Ukrainian territories with Poland behind the back of the Ukrainian people, legalized through the formal participation of the puppet Ukrainian SSR^[2].

De facto liquidation of the Ukrainian army (the disbandment of the Ukrainian Front) and the transformation of the government of the Ukrainian SSR into a nominal appendage of the Russian administrative machine^[1].

The ultimatum-style refusal of the White Guard command (General Bredov) to recognize the Ukrainian army and statehood, accompanied by the statement that "Kyiv has never been Ukrainian and never will be"^[2].

Introduction of a state monopoly on the grain trade and centralized control over the distribution of goods^[1].

Forcible requisitioning ("prodrazverstka") and the non-stop export of grain, coal, and raw materials to the RSFSR without economic compensation, which provoked riots and the Hryhoriv uprising^[1].

Deliberate transfer of loyal delegates and political agitators to the All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets in Kyiv in order to hijack the agenda from within^[1].

Moscow's seizure of direct control over the punitive apparatus through the decision to liquidate the independent All-Ukrainian Cheka (VUChK) in August 1919 and the appointment of its own special commissar, Ya. Peters^[1].

Forced closure of Ukrainian cultural and educational institutions by the White Guard administration^[1].

The Muravyov massacre in February 1918 after the capture of Kyiv by Red troops, which claimed the lives of about 3,000 people^[3].

Mass executions by shooting of unarmed civilians and participants in suppressed peasant uprisings, carried out by punitive detachments to physically eliminate pockets of resistance^[1].

The tragedy near Bazar in November 1921: the execution by the Bolsheviks of 359 captured UNR soldiers who refused to defect to the Reds, as a symbol of the end of organized resistance^[2].

Direct deployment of Red troops under the command of V. Antonov-Ovseenko and M. Muravyov, heavy fighting for railway stations, and the storming of Kyiv, accompanied by the Battle of Kruty (January 1918)^[3].

A full-scale offensive by the Ukrainian Front of the Red Army in early 1919 to recapture Ukrainian cities after the withdrawal of Austro-German troops^[1]. The Red Army's counteroffensive in the fall and winter of 1919 against Denikin's forces, as a result of which the Bolsheviks recaptured Kyiv on December 16 and occupied most of Ukraine^[1].

The invasion of General Denikin's troops under the slogan of restoring a "united and indivisible Russia" and the armed ousting of Ukrainian units from Kyiv, which they had liberated, on August 31, 1919 (the "Kyiv catastrophe"), leading to the collapse of the front^[1].

Coercion of legal Ukrainian parties into self-dissolution (in particular, the Borotbists in the spring of 1920) and their absorption by the CP(b)U through political blackmail and the bribery of their leaders with official posts^[1].

Using the Kharkiv government as a formal cover for external aggression, in order to present the military invasion as a civil war within Ukraine^[2].

Use of military units and food requisition detachments for forcible raids on Ukrainian villages to confiscate grain^[2].

Holding a fake alternative congress in Kharkiv and creating the Moscow-controlled "People's Secretariat" to simulate an internal struggle^[2].

Transfer of control over the military affairs, finances, communications, and transport routes of the Ukrainian republic into the hands of the central bodies of the RSFSR^[1].

An attempt, through the falsification of quotas and mandates, to turn their electoral minority (about 10%) into a procedural majority at the congress in order to legitimately vote for the dissolution of the Central Rada and subordination to Petrograd^[1].

Use of the "union treaty" format of June 1, 1919, and December 28, 1920, not to create an equal federation but as an instrument for legalizing direct, rigid rule from Moscow^[1].

The Bolsheviks' provocation of an uprising of workers at the "Arsenal" plant in Kyiv itself to draw away the reserves of the Ukrainian authorities at the very moment of the Red troops' offensive^[3].

Use by the Council of People's Commissars of local Bolshevik cells as a legal political force that was to speak on behalf of the Ukrainian proletariat against the Central Rada^[2].

Political and military support for local radicals (the Artem group) in proclaiming a republic not subordinate to Kyiv^[1].

Systematic, demonstrative violence and intimidation by the forces of the Cheka (the All-Ukrainian Cheka, VUChK) to create an atmosphere of total fear and to coerce the peasantry into surrendering food^[2].